中文 English
Electronics & Semiconductor
Published in : Jan 15, 2025
Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Research Report - Market Share Analysis, Industry Trends & Statistics, Growth Forecasts (2025 - 2033)

Version Type

Contact us for more information
Email: market@lookwhole.com
  • 5400USD
  • 4200USD
  • 3880USD
  • 5400USD

Report Summary Catalogue Methodological


Definition and Scope:
Semiconductor wafer etching agents are chemicals used in the semiconductor manufacturing process to selectively remove layers from the surface of a wafer. These agents play a crucial role in creating the intricate patterns and structures that form the basis of electronic devices. Semiconductor wafer etching agents are designed to etch specific materials with high precision, ensuring the integrity and functionality of the final semiconductor product. The effectiveness of these agents is measured by their selectivity, etch rate, uniformity, and compatibility with the materials being processed.
The market for semiconductor wafer etching agents is driven by the growing demand for smaller, faster, and more powerful semiconductor devices. As technology advances, there is a continuous need for semiconductor manufacturers to produce chips with higher processing speeds and greater storage capacity. This trend is pushing the industry towards the development of more advanced etching agents that can meet the stringent requirements of modern semiconductor fabrication processes. Additionally, the increasing adoption of advanced packaging technologies such as 3D ICs and MEMS devices is further fueling the demand for specialized etching agents that can enable these cutting-edge applications.
In addition to technological advancements, the market for semiconductor wafer etching agents is influenced by factors such as the increasing investment in research and development activities, the expansion of the semiconductor industry in emerging economies, and the growing focus on sustainability and environmental regulations. Manufacturers are investing in the development of eco-friendly etching agents that minimize waste and reduce environmental impact. Moreover, collaborations and partnerships between semiconductor companies and chemical suppliers are driving innovation in the field, leading to the introduction of novel etching solutions that address the evolving needs of the industry.
The global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents market size was estimated at USD 613.74 million in 2024, exhibiting a CAGR of 6.00% during the forecast period.
This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents market, examining all key dimensions. It provides both a macro-level overview and micro-level market details, including market size, trends, competitive landscape, niche segments, growth drivers, and key challenges.
Report Framework and Key Highlights: Market Dynamics: Identification of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges.
Trend Analysis: Examination of ongoing and emerging trends impacting the market.
Competitive Landscape: Detailed profiles and market positioning of major players, including market share, operational status, product offerings, and strategic developments.
Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, PEST Analysis, Value Chain Analysis
Market Segmentation: By type, application, region, and end-user industry.
Forecasting and Growth Projections: In-depth revenue forecasts and CAGR analysis through 2033.
This report equips readers with critical insights to navigate competitive dynamics and develop effective strategies. Whether assessing a new market entry or refining existing strategies, the report serves as a valuable tool for:
Industry players
Investors
Researchers
Consultants
Business strategists
And all stakeholders with an interest or investment in the Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents market.
Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market: Segmentation Analysis and Strategic Insights
This section of the report provides an in-depth segmentation analysis of the global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents market. The market is segmented based on region (country), manufacturer, product type, and application. Segmentation enables a more precise understanding of market dynamics and facilitates targeted strategies across product development, marketing, and sales.
By breaking the market into meaningful subsets, stakeholders can better tailor their offerings to the specific needs of each segment—enhancing competitiveness and improving return on investment.
Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market: Market Segmentation Analysis
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments.
Key Companies Profiled
BASF
Stella Chemifa
OCI Company Ltd
Daikin
Hubei Xingfa Chemicals
Soulbrain
ADEKA
Solvay SA
KMG Chemicals
Avantor
Zhejiang Morita New Materials
Israel Chemicals Ltd
Do-Fluoride Chemicals Co.
Ltd
Honeywell
Mitsubishi Chemical
Zhejiang Kaisn Fluorochemical
Jiangyin Runma
Jiangyin Jianghua Microelectronics Materials
Fujian Shaowu Yongfei Chemical
Nagase ChemteX Corporation
Market Segmentation by Type
Wet Etching Agent
Dry Etching Agent
Market Segmentation by Application
Foundry
IDM
Geographic Segmentation North America: United States, Canada, Mexico
Europe: Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia.
Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
South America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia.
Middle East and Africa (MEA): Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA
Report Framework and Chapter Summary Chapter 1: Report Scope and Market Definition
This chapter outlines the statistical boundaries and scope of the report. It defines the segmentation standards used throughout the study, including criteria for dividing the market by region, product type, application, and other relevant dimensions. It establishes the foundational definitions and classifications that guide the rest of the analysis.
Chapter 2: Executive Summary
This chapter presents a concise summary of the market’s current status and future outlook across different segments—by geography, product type, and application. It includes key metrics such as market size, growth trends, and development potential for each segment. The chapter offers a high-level overview of the Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market, highlighting its evolution over the short, medium, and long term.
Chapter 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Environment
This chapter explores the latest developments in the market, identifying key growth drivers, restraints, challenges, and risks faced by industry participants. It also includes an analysis of the policy and regulatory landscape affecting the market, providing insight into how external factors may shape future performance.
Chapter 4: Competitive Landscape
This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the market's competitive environment. It covers market share, production capacity, output, pricing trends, and strategic developments such as mergers, acquisitions, and expansion plans of leading players. This analysis offers a comprehensive view of the positioning and performance of top competitors.
Chapters 5–10: Regional Market Analysis
These chapters offer in-depth, quantitative evaluations of market size and growth potential across major regions and countries. Each chapter assesses regional consumption patterns, market dynamics, development prospects, and available capacity. The analysis helps readers understand geographical differences and opportunities in global markets.
Chapter 11: Market Segmentation by Product Type
This chapter examines the market based on product type, analyzing the size, growth trends, and potential of each segment. It helps stakeholders identify underexplored or high-potential product categories—often referred to as “blue ocean” opportunities.
Chapter 12: Market Segmentation by Application
This chapter analyzes the market based on application fields, providing insights into the scale and future development of each application segment. It supports readers in identifying high-growth areas across downstream markets.
Chapter 13: Company Profiles
This chapter presents comprehensive profiles of leading companies operating in the market. For each company, it details sales revenue, volume, pricing, gross profit margin, market share, product offerings, and recent strategic developments. This section offers valuable insight into corporate performance and strategy.
Chapter 14: Industry Chain and Value Chain Analysis
This chapter explores the full industry chain, from upstream raw material suppliers to downstream application sectors. It includes a value chain analysis that highlights the interconnections and dependencies across various parts of the ecosystem.
Chapter 15: Key Findings and Conclusions
The final chapter summarizes the main takeaways from the report, presenting the core conclusions, strategic recommendations, and implications for stakeholders. It encapsulates the insights drawn from all previous chapters.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Definition
1.2 Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Segments
1.2.1 Segment by Type
1.2.2 Segment by Application
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size
2.2 Market Segmentation – by Type
2.3 Market Segmentation – by Application
2.4 Market Segmentation – by Geography
3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
3.1 Key Takeway
3.2 Market Opportunities & Trends
3.3 Market Drivers
3.4 Market Restraints
3.5 Market Major Factor Assessment
4 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Competitive Landscape
4.1 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
4.2 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
4.3 Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
4.4 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
4.5 Mergers & Acquisitions
5 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market by Region
5.1 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Region
5.1.1 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Region
5.1.2 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size Market Share by Region
5.2 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales by Region
5.2.1 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales by Region
5.2.2 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales Market Share by Region
6 North America Market Overview
6.1 North America Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Country
6.1.1 USA Market Overview
6.1.2 Canada Market Overview
6.1.3 Mexico Market Overview
6.2 North America Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Type
6.3 North America Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Application
6.4 Top Players in North America Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market
7 Europe Market Overview
7.1 Europe Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Country
7.1.1 Germany Market Overview
7.1.2 France Market Overview
7.1.3 U.K. Market Overview
7.1.4 Italy Market Overview
7.1.5 Spain Market Overview
7.1.6 Sweden Market Overview
7.1.7 Denmark Market Overview
7.1.8 Netherlands Market Overview
7.1.9 Switzerland Market Overview
7.1.10 Belgium Market Overview
7.1.11 Russia Market Overview
7.2 Europe Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Type
7.3 Europe Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Application
7.4 Top Players in Europe Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market
8 Asia-Pacific Market Overview
8.1 Asia-Pacific Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Country
8.1.1 China Market Overview
8.1.2 Japan Market Overview
8.1.3 South Korea Market Overview
8.1.4 India Market Overview
8.1.5 Australia Market Overview
8.1.6 Indonesia Market Overview
8.1.7 Malaysia Market Overview
8.1.8 Philippines Market Overview
8.1.9 Singapore Market Overview
8.1.10 Thailand Market Overview
8.1.11 Rest of APAC Market Overview
8.2 Asia-Pacific Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Type
8.3 Asia-Pacific Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Application
8.4 Top Players in Asia-Pacific Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market
9 South America Market Overview
9.1 South America Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Brazil Market Overview
9.1.2 Argentina Market Overview
9.1.3 Columbia Market Overview
9.2 South America Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Type
9.3 South America Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Application
9.4 Top Players in South America Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market
10 Middle East and Africa Market Overview
10.1 Middle East and Africa Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Country
10.1.1 Saudi Arabia Market Overview
10.1.2 UAE Market Overview
10.1.3 Egypt Market Overview
10.1.4 Nigeria Market Overview
10.1.5 South Africa Market Overview
10.2 Middle East and Africa Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Type
10.3 Middle East and Africa Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size by Application
10.4 Top Players in Middle East and Africa Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market
11 Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Segmentation by Type
11.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
11.2 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2033)
11.3 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2033)
11.4 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Price by Type (2020-2033)
12 Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Segmentation by Application
12.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
12.2 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Sales by Application (2020-2033)
12.3 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2033)
12.4 Global Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2033)
13 Company Profiles
13.1 BASF
13.1.1 BASF Company Overview
13.1.2 BASF Business Overview
13.1.3 BASF Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.1.4 BASF Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.1.5 Key News
13.2 Stella Chemifa
13.2.1 Stella Chemifa Company Overview
13.2.2 Stella Chemifa Business Overview
13.2.3 Stella Chemifa Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.2.4 Stella Chemifa Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.2.5 Key News
13.3 OCI Company Ltd
13.3.1 OCI Company Ltd Company Overview
13.3.2 OCI Company Ltd Business Overview
13.3.3 OCI Company Ltd Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.3.4 OCI Company Ltd Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.3.5 Key News
13.4 Daikin
13.4.1 Daikin Company Overview
13.4.2 Daikin Business Overview
13.4.3 Daikin Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.4.4 Daikin Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.4.5 Key News
13.5 Hubei Xingfa Chemicals
13.5.1 Hubei Xingfa Chemicals Company Overview
13.5.2 Hubei Xingfa Chemicals Business Overview
13.5.3 Hubei Xingfa Chemicals Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.5.4 Hubei Xingfa Chemicals Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.5.5 Key News
13.6 Soulbrain
13.6.1 Soulbrain Company Overview
13.6.2 Soulbrain Business Overview
13.6.3 Soulbrain Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.6.4 Soulbrain Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.6.5 Key News
13.7 ADEKA
13.7.1 ADEKA Company Overview
13.7.2 ADEKA Business Overview
13.7.3 ADEKA Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.7.4 ADEKA Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.7.5 Key News
13.8 Solvay SA
13.8.1 Solvay SA Company Overview
13.8.2 Solvay SA Business Overview
13.8.3 Solvay SA Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.8.4 Solvay SA Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.8.5 Key News
13.9 KMG Chemicals
13.9.1 KMG Chemicals Company Overview
13.9.2 KMG Chemicals Business Overview
13.9.3 KMG Chemicals Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.9.4 KMG Chemicals Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.9.5 Key News
13.10 Avantor
13.10.1 Avantor Company Overview
13.10.2 Avantor Business Overview
13.10.3 Avantor Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.10.4 Avantor Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.10.5 Key News
13.11 Zhejiang Morita New Materials
13.11.1 Zhejiang Morita New Materials Company Overview
13.11.2 Zhejiang Morita New Materials Business Overview
13.11.3 Zhejiang Morita New Materials Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.11.4 Zhejiang Morita New Materials Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.11.5 Key News
13.12 Israel Chemicals Ltd
13.12.1 Israel Chemicals Ltd Company Overview
13.12.2 Israel Chemicals Ltd Business Overview
13.12.3 Israel Chemicals Ltd Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.12.4 Israel Chemicals Ltd Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.12.5 Key News
13.13 Do-Fluoride Chemicals Co.
13.13.1 Do-Fluoride Chemicals Co. Company Overview
13.13.2 Do-Fluoride Chemicals Co. Business Overview
13.13.3 Do-Fluoride Chemicals Co. Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.13.4 Do-Fluoride Chemicals Co. Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.13.5 Key News
13.14 Ltd
13.14.1 Ltd Company Overview
13.14.2 Ltd Business Overview
13.14.3 Ltd Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.14.4 Ltd Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.14.5 Key News
13.15 Honeywell
13.15.1 Honeywell Company Overview
13.15.2 Honeywell Business Overview
13.15.3 Honeywell Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.15.4 Honeywell Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.15.5 Key News
13.16 Mitsubishi Chemical
13.16.1 Mitsubishi Chemical Company Overview
13.16.2 Mitsubishi Chemical Business Overview
13.16.3 Mitsubishi Chemical Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.16.4 Mitsubishi Chemical Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.16.5 Key News
13.17 Zhejiang Kaisn Fluorochemical
13.17.1 Zhejiang Kaisn Fluorochemical Company Overview
13.17.2 Zhejiang Kaisn Fluorochemical Business Overview
13.17.3 Zhejiang Kaisn Fluorochemical Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.17.4 Zhejiang Kaisn Fluorochemical Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.17.5 Key News
13.18 Jiangyin Runma
13.18.1 Jiangyin Runma Company Overview
13.18.2 Jiangyin Runma Business Overview
13.18.3 Jiangyin Runma Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.18.4 Jiangyin Runma Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.18.5 Key News
13.19 Jiangyin Jianghua Microelectronics Materials
13.19.1 Jiangyin Jianghua Microelectronics Materials Company Overview
13.19.2 Jiangyin Jianghua Microelectronics Materials Business Overview
13.19.3 Jiangyin Jianghua Microelectronics Materials Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.19.4 Jiangyin Jianghua Microelectronics Materials Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.19.5 Key News
13.20 Fujian Shaowu Yongfei Chemical
13.20.1 Fujian Shaowu Yongfei Chemical Company Overview
13.20.2 Fujian Shaowu Yongfei Chemical Business Overview
13.20.3 Fujian Shaowu Yongfei Chemical Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.20.4 Fujian Shaowu Yongfei Chemical Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.20.5 Key News
13.21 Nagase ChemteX Corporation
13.21.1 Nagase ChemteX Corporation Company Overview
13.21.2 Nagase ChemteX Corporation Business Overview
13.21.3 Nagase ChemteX Corporation Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Major Product Offerings
13.21.4 Nagase ChemteX Corporation Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Sales and Revenue fromSemiconductor Wafer Etching Agents (2020-2025)
13.21.5 Key News
13.21.6 Key News
14 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
14.1 Key Takeway
14.2 Market Opportunities & Trends
14.3 Market Drivers
14.4 Market Restraints
14.5 Market Major Factor Assessment
14.6 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market
14.7 PEST Analysis of Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Market
15 Analysis of the Semiconductor Wafer Etching Agents Industry Chain
15.1 Overview of the Industry Chain
15.2 Upstream Segment Analysis
15.3 Midstream Segment Analysis
15.3.1 Manufacturing, Processing or Conversion Process Analysis
15.3.2 Key Technology Analysis
15.4 Downstream Segment Analysis
15.4.1 Downstream Customer List and Contact Details
15.4.2 Customer Concerns or Preference Analysis
16 Conclusion
17 Appendix
17.1 Methodology
17.2 Research Process and Data Source
17.3 Disclaimer
17.4 Note
17.5 Examples of Clients
17.6 Disclaimer
Research Methodology
The research methodology employed in this study follows a structured, four-stage process designed to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of all data and insights presented. The process begins with Information Procurement, wherein data is collected from a wide range of primary and secondary sources. This is followed by Information Analysis, during which the collected data is systematically mapped, discrepancies across sources are examined, and consistency is established through cross-validation.


Subsequently, the Market Formulation phase involves placing verified data points into an appropriate market context to generate meaningful conclusions. This step integrates analyst interpretation and expert heuristics to refine findings and ensure applicability. Finally, all conclusions undergo a rigorous Validation and Publishing process, where each data point is re-evaluated before inclusion in the final deliverable. The methodology emphasizes bidirectional flow and reversibility between key stages to maintain flexibility and reinforce the integrity of the analysis.
Research Process
The market research process follows a structured and iterative methodology designed to ensure accuracy, depth, and reliability. It begins with scope definition and research design, where the research objectives are clearly outlined based on client requirements, emerging market trends, and initial exploratory insights. This phase provides strategic direction for all subsequent stages of the research.
Data collection is then conducted through both secondary and primary research. Secondary research involves analyzing publicly available and paid sources such as company filings, industry journals, and government databases to build foundational knowledge. This is followed by primary research, which includes direct interviews and surveys with key industry stakeholders—such as manufacturers, distributors, and end users—to gather firsthand insights and address data gaps identified earlier. Techniques included CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephonic Interviewing), CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing), CAVI (Computer-Assisted Video Interviewing via platforms like Zoom and WebEx), and CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing via email or LinkedIn).