Report Summary Catalogue Methodological

Definition and Scope:
The market for tubes and fittings for semiconductors encompasses a wide range of products designed specifically for use in the semiconductor industry. These products include various types of tubes, such as stainless steel tubes, copper tubes, and plastic tubes, as well as fittings like elbows, tees, and connectors. The tubes and fittings are crucial components in semiconductor manufacturing processes, as they are used for transporting gases, chemicals, and liquids within semiconductor fabrication facilities. These products are designed to meet stringent requirements for purity, cleanliness, and compatibility with the materials and processes used in semiconductor manufacturing.
The market for tubes and fittings for semiconductors is experiencing several key trends that are driving growth in the industry. One of the major trends is the increasing demand for miniaturization and higher performance in semiconductor devices, which is driving the need for more advanced and precise manufacturing processes. This, in turn, is driving the demand for high-quality tubes and fittings that can meet the stringent requirements of modern semiconductor fabrication. Additionally, the growing adoption of advanced technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and 5G is fueling the demand for semiconductors, which is expected to drive the growth of the tubes and fittings market.
At the same time, the market for tubes and fittings for semiconductors is being driven by factors such as increasing investments in semiconductor manufacturing facilities, particularly in regions like Asia Pacific. The rapid growth of industries such as electronics, automotive, and telecommunications is also contributing to the demand for semiconductors and, consequently, for tubes and fittings used in semiconductor manufacturing. Moreover, the emphasis on sustainability and environmental regulations is leading to the development of eco-friendly materials and processes in semiconductor manufacturing, which is expected to drive the demand for tubes and fittings that are compatible with these requirements.
The global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor market size was estimated at USD 877.15 million in 2024, exhibiting a CAGR of 7.10% during the forecast period.
This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor market, examining all key dimensions. It provides both a macro-level overview and micro-level market details, including market size, trends, competitive landscape, niche segments, growth drivers, and key challenges.
Report Framework and Key Highlights: Market Dynamics: Identification of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges.
Trend Analysis: Examination of ongoing and emerging trends impacting the market.
Competitive Landscape: Detailed profiles and market positioning of major players, including market share, operational status, product offerings, and strategic developments.
Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, PEST Analysis, Value Chain Analysis
Market Segmentation: By type, application, region, and end-user industry.
Forecasting and Growth Projections: In-depth revenue forecasts and CAGR analysis through 2033.
This report equips readers with critical insights to navigate competitive dynamics and develop effective strategies. Whether assessing a new market entry or refining existing strategies, the report serves as a valuable tool for:
Industry players
Investors
Researchers
Consultants
Business strategists
And all stakeholders with an interest or investment in the Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor market.
Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market: Segmentation Analysis and Strategic Insights
This section of the report provides an in-depth segmentation analysis of the global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor market. The market is segmented based on region (country), manufacturer, product type, and application. Segmentation enables a more precise understanding of market dynamics and facilitates targeted strategies across product development, marketing, and sales.
By breaking the market into meaningful subsets, stakeholders can better tailor their offerings to the specific needs of each segment—enhancing competitiveness and improving return on investment.
Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market: Market Segmentation Analysis
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments.
Key Companies Profiled
Daikin Global
Dockweiler
FITOK Group
WSG CREST
Fujikin
Parker Hannifin
Entegris
Saint-Gobain
Nippon Pillar
HENKEL Epol
NIHON PISCO
Swagelok
Kunshan Kinglai Group
KUZE
Valex
CSE GROUP
Mako Products
ESI technologies
Flowell Corporation
E&IB
Ihara Science Corporation
Shinil Ace Co.
Ltd
HPS Solutions
Bueno Technology
Market Segmentation by Type
Plastic Tube and Fittings
Stainless Steel Tube and Fittings
Market Segmentation by Application
IDM
Foundry
Geographic Segmentation North America: United States, Canada, Mexico
Europe: Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia.
Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
South America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia.
Middle East and Africa (MEA): Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA
Report Framework and Chapter Summary Chapter 1: Report Scope and Market Definition
This chapter outlines the statistical boundaries and scope of the report. It defines the segmentation standards used throughout the study, including criteria for dividing the market by region, product type, application, and other relevant dimensions. It establishes the foundational definitions and classifications that guide the rest of the analysis.
Chapter 2: Executive Summary
This chapter presents a concise summary of the market’s current status and future outlook across different segments—by geography, product type, and application. It includes key metrics such as market size, growth trends, and development potential for each segment. The chapter offers a high-level overview of the Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market, highlighting its evolution over the short, medium, and long term.
Chapter 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Environment
This chapter explores the latest developments in the market, identifying key growth drivers, restraints, challenges, and risks faced by industry participants. It also includes an analysis of the policy and regulatory landscape affecting the market, providing insight into how external factors may shape future performance.
Chapter 4: Competitive Landscape
This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the market's competitive environment. It covers market share, production capacity, output, pricing trends, and strategic developments such as mergers, acquisitions, and expansion plans of leading players. This analysis offers a comprehensive view of the positioning and performance of top competitors.
Chapters 5–10: Regional Market Analysis
These chapters offer in-depth, quantitative evaluations of market size and growth potential across major regions and countries. Each chapter assesses regional consumption patterns, market dynamics, development prospects, and available capacity. The analysis helps readers understand geographical differences and opportunities in global markets.
Chapter 11: Market Segmentation by Product Type
This chapter examines the market based on product type, analyzing the size, growth trends, and potential of each segment. It helps stakeholders identify underexplored or high-potential product categories—often referred to as “blue ocean” opportunities.
Chapter 12: Market Segmentation by Application
This chapter analyzes the market based on application fields, providing insights into the scale and future development of each application segment. It supports readers in identifying high-growth areas across downstream markets.
Chapter 13: Company Profiles
This chapter presents comprehensive profiles of leading companies operating in the market. For each company, it details sales revenue, volume, pricing, gross profit margin, market share, product offerings, and recent strategic developments. This section offers valuable insight into corporate performance and strategy.
Chapter 14: Industry Chain and Value Chain Analysis
This chapter explores the full industry chain, from upstream raw material suppliers to downstream application sectors. It includes a value chain analysis that highlights the interconnections and dependencies across various parts of the ecosystem.
Chapter 15: Key Findings and Conclusions
The final chapter summarizes the main takeaways from the report, presenting the core conclusions, strategic recommendations, and implications for stakeholders. It encapsulates the insights drawn from all previous chapters.

Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Definition
1.2 Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Segments
1.2.1 Segment by Type
1.2.2 Segment by Application
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size
2.2 Market Segmentation – by Type
2.3 Market Segmentation – by Application
2.4 Market Segmentation – by Geography
3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
3.1 Key Takeway
3.2 Market Opportunities & Trends
3.3 Market Drivers
3.4 Market Restraints
3.5 Market Major Factor Assessment
4 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Competitive Landscape
4.1 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
4.2 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
4.3 Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
4.4 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
4.5 Mergers & Acquisitions
5 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market by Region
5.1 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Region
5.1.1 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Region
5.1.2 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size Market Share by Region
5.2 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales by Region
5.2.1 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales by Region
5.2.2 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales Market Share by Region
6 North America Market Overview
6.1 North America Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Country
6.1.1 USA Market Overview
6.1.2 Canada Market Overview
6.1.3 Mexico Market Overview
6.2 North America Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Type
6.3 North America Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Application
6.4 Top Players in North America Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market
7 Europe Market Overview
7.1 Europe Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Country
7.1.1 Germany Market Overview
7.1.2 France Market Overview
7.1.3 U.K. Market Overview
7.1.4 Italy Market Overview
7.1.5 Spain Market Overview
7.1.6 Sweden Market Overview
7.1.7 Denmark Market Overview
7.1.8 Netherlands Market Overview
7.1.9 Switzerland Market Overview
7.1.10 Belgium Market Overview
7.1.11 Russia Market Overview
7.2 Europe Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Type
7.3 Europe Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Application
7.4 Top Players in Europe Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market
8 Asia-Pacific Market Overview
8.1 Asia-Pacific Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Country
8.1.1 China Market Overview
8.1.2 Japan Market Overview
8.1.3 South Korea Market Overview
8.1.4 India Market Overview
8.1.5 Australia Market Overview
8.1.6 Indonesia Market Overview
8.1.7 Malaysia Market Overview
8.1.8 Philippines Market Overview
8.1.9 Singapore Market Overview
8.1.10 Thailand Market Overview
8.1.11 Rest of APAC Market Overview
8.2 Asia-Pacific Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Type
8.3 Asia-Pacific Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Application
8.4 Top Players in Asia-Pacific Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market
9 South America Market Overview
9.1 South America Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Brazil Market Overview
9.1.2 Argentina Market Overview
9.1.3 Columbia Market Overview
9.2 South America Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Type
9.3 South America Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Application
9.4 Top Players in South America Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market
10 Middle East and Africa Market Overview
10.1 Middle East and Africa Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Country
10.1.1 Saudi Arabia Market Overview
10.1.2 UAE Market Overview
10.1.3 Egypt Market Overview
10.1.4 Nigeria Market Overview
10.1.5 South Africa Market Overview
10.2 Middle East and Africa Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Type
10.3 Middle East and Africa Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size by Application
10.4 Top Players in Middle East and Africa Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market
11 Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Segmentation by Type
11.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
11.2 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2033)
11.3 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2033)
11.4 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Price by Type (2020-2033)
12 Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Segmentation by Application
12.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
12.2 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Sales by Application (2020-2033)
12.3 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2033)
12.4 Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2033)
13 Company Profiles
13.1 Daikin Global
13.1.1 Daikin Global Company Overview
13.1.2 Daikin Global Business Overview
13.1.3 Daikin Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.1.4 Daikin Global Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.1.5 Key News
13.2 Dockweiler
13.2.1 Dockweiler Company Overview
13.2.2 Dockweiler Business Overview
13.2.3 Dockweiler Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.2.4 Dockweiler Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.2.5 Key News
13.3 FITOK Group
13.3.1 FITOK Group Company Overview
13.3.2 FITOK Group Business Overview
13.3.3 FITOK Group Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.3.4 FITOK Group Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.3.5 Key News
13.4 WSG CREST
13.4.1 WSG CREST Company Overview
13.4.2 WSG CREST Business Overview
13.4.3 WSG CREST Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.4.4 WSG CREST Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.4.5 Key News
13.5 Fujikin
13.5.1 Fujikin Company Overview
13.5.2 Fujikin Business Overview
13.5.3 Fujikin Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.5.4 Fujikin Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.5.5 Key News
13.6 Parker Hannifin
13.6.1 Parker Hannifin Company Overview
13.6.2 Parker Hannifin Business Overview
13.6.3 Parker Hannifin Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.6.4 Parker Hannifin Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.6.5 Key News
13.7 Entegris
13.7.1 Entegris Company Overview
13.7.2 Entegris Business Overview
13.7.3 Entegris Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.7.4 Entegris Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.7.5 Key News
13.8 Saint-Gobain
13.8.1 Saint-Gobain Company Overview
13.8.2 Saint-Gobain Business Overview
13.8.3 Saint-Gobain Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.8.4 Saint-Gobain Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.8.5 Key News
13.9 Nippon Pillar
13.9.1 Nippon Pillar Company Overview
13.9.2 Nippon Pillar Business Overview
13.9.3 Nippon Pillar Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.9.4 Nippon Pillar Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.9.5 Key News
13.10 HENKEL Epol
13.10.1 HENKEL Epol Company Overview
13.10.2 HENKEL Epol Business Overview
13.10.3 HENKEL Epol Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.10.4 HENKEL Epol Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.10.5 Key News
13.11 NIHON PISCO
13.11.1 NIHON PISCO Company Overview
13.11.2 NIHON PISCO Business Overview
13.11.3 NIHON PISCO Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.11.4 NIHON PISCO Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.11.5 Key News
13.12 Swagelok
13.12.1 Swagelok Company Overview
13.12.2 Swagelok Business Overview
13.12.3 Swagelok Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.12.4 Swagelok Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.12.5 Key News
13.13 Kunshan Kinglai Group
13.13.1 Kunshan Kinglai Group Company Overview
13.13.2 Kunshan Kinglai Group Business Overview
13.13.3 Kunshan Kinglai Group Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.13.4 Kunshan Kinglai Group Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.13.5 Key News
13.14 KUZE
13.14.1 KUZE Company Overview
13.14.2 KUZE Business Overview
13.14.3 KUZE Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.14.4 KUZE Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.14.5 Key News
13.15 Valex
13.15.1 Valex Company Overview
13.15.2 Valex Business Overview
13.15.3 Valex Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.15.4 Valex Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.15.5 Key News
13.16 CSE GROUP
13.16.1 CSE GROUP Company Overview
13.16.2 CSE GROUP Business Overview
13.16.3 CSE GROUP Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.16.4 CSE GROUP Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.16.5 Key News
13.17 Mako Products
13.17.1 Mako Products Company Overview
13.17.2 Mako Products Business Overview
13.17.3 Mako Products Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.17.4 Mako Products Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.17.5 Key News
13.18 ESI technologies
13.18.1 ESI technologies Company Overview
13.18.2 ESI technologies Business Overview
13.18.3 ESI technologies Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.18.4 ESI technologies Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.18.5 Key News
13.19 Flowell Corporation
13.19.1 Flowell Corporation Company Overview
13.19.2 Flowell Corporation Business Overview
13.19.3 Flowell Corporation Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.19.4 Flowell Corporation Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.19.5 Key News
13.20 EandIB
13.20.1 EandIB Company Overview
13.20.2 EandIB Business Overview
13.20.3 EandIB Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.20.4 EandIB Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.20.5 Key News
13.21 Ihara Science Corporation
13.21.1 Ihara Science Corporation Company Overview
13.21.2 Ihara Science Corporation Business Overview
13.21.3 Ihara Science Corporation Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.21.4 Ihara Science Corporation Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.21.5 Key News
13.22 Shinil Ace Co.
13.22.1 Shinil Ace Co. Company Overview
13.22.2 Shinil Ace Co. Business Overview
13.22.3 Shinil Ace Co. Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.22.4 Shinil Ace Co. Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.22.5 Key News
13.23 Ltd
13.23.1 Ltd Company Overview
13.23.2 Ltd Business Overview
13.23.3 Ltd Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.23.4 Ltd Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.23.5 Key News
13.24 HPS Solutions
13.24.1 HPS Solutions Company Overview
13.24.2 HPS Solutions Business Overview
13.24.3 HPS Solutions Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.24.4 HPS Solutions Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.24.5 Key News
13.25 Bueno Technology
13.25.1 Bueno Technology Company Overview
13.25.2 Bueno Technology Business Overview
13.25.3 Bueno Technology Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Major Product Offerings
13.25.4 Bueno Technology Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Sales and Revenue fromTube and Fittings for Semiconductor (2020-2025)
13.25.5 Key News
13.25.6 Key News
14 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
14.1 Key Takeway
14.2 Market Opportunities & Trends
14.3 Market Drivers
14.4 Market Restraints
14.5 Market Major Factor Assessment
14.6 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market
14.7 PEST Analysis of Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Market
15 Analysis of the Tube and Fittings for Semiconductor Industry Chain
15.1 Overview of the Industry Chain
15.2 Upstream Segment Analysis
15.3 Midstream Segment Analysis
15.3.1 Manufacturing, Processing or Conversion Process Analysis
15.3.2 Key Technology Analysis
15.4 Downstream Segment Analysis
15.4.1 Downstream Customer List and Contact Details
15.4.2 Customer Concerns or Preference Analysis
16 Conclusion
17 Appendix
17.1 Methodology
17.2 Research Process and Data Source
17.3 Disclaimer
17.4 Note
17.5 Examples of Clients
17.6 Disclaimer

Research Methodology
The research methodology employed in this study follows a structured, four-stage process designed to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of all data and insights presented. The process begins with Information Procurement, wherein data is collected from a wide range of primary and secondary sources. This is followed by Information Analysis, during which the collected data is systematically mapped, discrepancies across sources are examined, and consistency is established through cross-validation.

Subsequently, the Market Formulation phase involves placing verified data points into an appropriate market context to generate meaningful conclusions. This step integrates analyst interpretation and expert heuristics to refine findings and ensure applicability. Finally, all conclusions undergo a rigorous Validation and Publishing process, where each data point is re-evaluated before inclusion in the final deliverable. The methodology emphasizes bidirectional flow and reversibility between key stages to maintain flexibility and reinforce the integrity of the analysis.

Research Process
The market research process follows a structured and iterative methodology designed to ensure accuracy, depth, and reliability. It begins with scope definition and research design, where the research objectives are clearly outlined based on client requirements, emerging market trends, and initial exploratory insights. This phase provides strategic direction for all subsequent stages of the research.
Data collection is then conducted through both secondary and primary research. Secondary research involves analyzing publicly available and paid sources such as company filings, industry journals, and government databases to build foundational knowledge. This is followed by primary research, which includes direct interviews and surveys with key industry stakeholders—such as manufacturers, distributors, and end users—to gather firsthand insights and address data gaps identified earlier. Techniques included CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephonic Interviewing), CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing), CAVI (Computer-Assisted Video Interviewing via platforms like Zoom and WebEx), and CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing via email or LinkedIn).