Definition and Scope: Multi-axis force sensors are advanced devices designed to measure forces in multiple directions simultaneously. These sensors are capable of detecting forces along multiple axes, providing accurate and comprehensive data for various applications. By utilizing multiple sensing elements, these sensors can capture complex force interactions in three-dimensional space, making them ideal for applications where forces act in multiple directions. Multi-axis force sensors are widely used in robotics, biomechanics, automotive testing, and industrial automation, among other industries, to measure forces exerted on objects in different directions with high precision and reliability. The market for multi-axis force sensors is experiencing significant growth driven by several key factors. One of the primary market trends is the increasing demand for advanced sensing technologies in robotics and automation applications. As industries continue to adopt automation solutions, the need for precise force measurement capabilities has grown, leading to a higher demand for multi-axis force sensors. Additionally, the rising focus on improving product quality and performance in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and healthcare is driving the adoption of multi-axis force sensors to ensure accurate force measurement and control. Moreover, technological advancements in sensor design and manufacturing processes are enabling the development of more compact, durable, and cost-effective multi-axis force sensors, further fueling market growth. At the same time, the growing emphasis on safety and efficiency in industrial operations is also contributing to the expansion of the multi-axis force sensor market. These sensors play a crucial role in ensuring the safety of robotic systems by providing real-time feedback on forces exerted during operation, helping to prevent accidents and optimize performance. Furthermore, the increasing integration of sensors with Internet of Things (IoT) platforms and data analytics tools is creating opportunities for enhanced data collection and analysis, driving the adoption of multi-axis force sensors in smart manufacturing and predictive maintenance applications. Overall, the market for multi-axis force sensors is poised for continued growth as industries increasingly recognize the value of accurate and reliable force measurement capabilities in optimizing their operations and enhancing product quality. The global Multi-Axis Force Sensor market size was estimated at USD 743.35 million in 2024, exhibiting a CAGR of 5.80% during the forecast period. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global Multi-Axis Force Sensor market, examining all key dimensions. It provides both a macro-level overview and micro-level market details, including market size, trends, competitive landscape, niche segments, growth drivers, and key challenges. Report Framework and Key Highlights: Market Dynamics: Identification of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges. Trend Analysis: Examination of ongoing and emerging trends impacting the market. Competitive Landscape: Detailed profiles and market positioning of major players, including market share, operational status, product offerings, and strategic developments. Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, PEST Analysis, Value Chain Analysis Market Segmentation: By type, application, region, and end-user industry. Forecasting and Growth Projections: In-depth revenue forecasts and CAGR analysis through 2033. This report equips readers with critical insights to navigate competitive dynamics and develop effective strategies. Whether assessing a new market entry or refining existing strategies, the report serves as a valuable tool for: Industry players Investors Researchers Consultants Business strategists And all stakeholders with an interest or investment in the Multi-Axis Force Sensor market. Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market: Segmentation Analysis and Strategic Insights This section of the report provides an in-depth segmentation analysis of the global Multi-Axis Force Sensor market. The market is segmented based on region (country), manufacturer, product type, and application. Segmentation enables a more precise understanding of market dynamics and facilitates targeted strategies across product development, marketing, and sales. By breaking the market into meaningful subsets, stakeholders can better tailor their offerings to the specific needs of each segment—enhancing competitiveness and improving return on investment. Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market: Market Segmentation Analysis The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments. Key Companies Profiled HBM Althen Sensors and Controls FANUC OnRobot Robotiq Epson Forsentek Bota Systems TE Connectivity Mitsubishi Electric ATI Industrial Automation Kistler Nordbo Robotics ME Systeme NCTE FUTEK Robotous SINTOKOGIO Sunrise Instruments Hypersen Changzhou Right Measurement and control system Fibos HITEC Changzhou Kunwei Sensing Technology BCM Sensor Shenzhen Ligent Sensor Tech Market Segmentation by Type Alloy Steel Stainless Steel Market Segmentation by Application Industrial Robot Product Testing Biomechanics Medical Others Geographic Segmentation North America: United States, Canada, Mexico Europe: Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia. Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand South America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia. Middle East and Africa (MEA): Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA Report Framework and Chapter Summary Chapter 1: Report Scope and Market Definition This chapter outlines the statistical boundaries and scope of the report. It defines the segmentation standards used throughout the study, including criteria for dividing the market by region, product type, application, and other relevant dimensions. It establishes the foundational definitions and classifications that guide the rest of the analysis. Chapter 2: Executive Summary This chapter presents a concise summary of the market’s current status and future outlook across different segments—by geography, product type, and application. It includes key metrics such as market size, growth trends, and development potential for each segment. The chapter offers a high-level overview of the Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market, highlighting its evolution over the short, medium, and long term. Chapter 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Environment This chapter explores the latest developments in the market, identifying key growth drivers, restraints, challenges, and risks faced by industry participants. It also includes an analysis of the policy and regulatory landscape affecting the market, providing insight into how external factors may shape future performance. Chapter 4: Competitive Landscape This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the market's competitive environment. It covers market share, production capacity, output, pricing trends, and strategic developments such as mergers, acquisitions, and expansion plans of leading players. This analysis offers a comprehensive view of the positioning and performance of top competitors. Chapters 5–10: Regional Market Analysis These chapters offer in-depth, quantitative evaluations of market size and growth potential across major regions and countries. Each chapter assesses regional consumption patterns, market dynamics, development prospects, and available capacity. The analysis helps readers understand geographical differences and opportunities in global markets. Chapter 11: Market Segmentation by Product Type This chapter examines the market based on product type, analyzing the size, growth trends, and potential of each segment. It helps stakeholders identify underexplored or high-potential product categories—often referred to as “blue ocean” opportunities. Chapter 12: Market Segmentation by Application This chapter analyzes the market based on application fields, providing insights into the scale and future development of each application segment. It supports readers in identifying high-growth areas across downstream markets. Chapter 13: Company Profiles This chapter presents comprehensive profiles of leading companies operating in the market. For each company, it details sales revenue, volume, pricing, gross profit margin, market share, product offerings, and recent strategic developments. This section offers valuable insight into corporate performance and strategy. Chapter 14: Industry Chain and Value Chain Analysis This chapter explores the full industry chain, from upstream raw material suppliers to downstream application sectors. It includes a value chain analysis that highlights the interconnections and dependencies across various parts of the ecosystem. Chapter 15: Key Findings and Conclusions The final chapter summarizes the main takeaways from the report, presenting the core conclusions, strategic recommendations, and implications for stakeholders. It encapsulates the insights drawn from all previous chapters. Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports 1.1 Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Definition 1.2 Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Segments 1.2.1 Segment by Type 1.2.2 Segment by Application 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size 2.2 Market Segmentation – by Type 2.3 Market Segmentation – by Application 2.4 Market Segmentation – by Geography 3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 3.1 Key Takeway 3.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 3.3 Market Drivers 3.4 Market Restraints 3.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 4 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Competitive Landscape 4.1 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.2 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.3 Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) 4.4 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans 4.5 Mergers & Acquisitions 5 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market by Region 5.1 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Region 5.1.1 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Region 5.1.2 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size Market Share by Region 5.2 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales by Region 5.2.1 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales by Region 5.2.2 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales Market Share by Region 6 North America Market Overview 6.1 North America Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Country 6.1.1 USA Market Overview 6.1.2 Canada Market Overview 6.1.3 Mexico Market Overview 6.2 North America Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Type 6.3 North America Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Application 6.4 Top Players in North America Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market 7 Europe Market Overview 7.1 Europe Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Country 7.1.1 Germany Market Overview 7.1.2 France Market Overview 7.1.3 U.K. Market Overview 7.1.4 Italy Market Overview 7.1.5 Spain Market Overview 7.1.6 Sweden Market Overview 7.1.7 Denmark Market Overview 7.1.8 Netherlands Market Overview 7.1.9 Switzerland Market Overview 7.1.10 Belgium Market Overview 7.1.11 Russia Market Overview 7.2 Europe Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Type 7.3 Europe Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Application 7.4 Top Players in Europe Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market 8 Asia-Pacific Market Overview 8.1 Asia-Pacific Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Country 8.1.1 China Market Overview 8.1.2 Japan Market Overview 8.1.3 South Korea Market Overview 8.1.4 India Market Overview 8.1.5 Australia Market Overview 8.1.6 Indonesia Market Overview 8.1.7 Malaysia Market Overview 8.1.8 Philippines Market Overview 8.1.9 Singapore Market Overview 8.1.10 Thailand Market Overview 8.1.11 Rest of APAC Market Overview 8.2 Asia-Pacific Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Type 8.3 Asia-Pacific Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Application 8.4 Top Players in Asia-Pacific Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market 9 South America Market Overview 9.1 South America Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Country 9.1.1 Brazil Market Overview 9.1.2 Argentina Market Overview 9.1.3 Columbia Market Overview 9.2 South America Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Type 9.3 South America Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Application 9.4 Top Players in South America Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market 10 Middle East and Africa Market Overview 10.1 Middle East and Africa Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Country 10.1.1 Saudi Arabia Market Overview 10.1.2 UAE Market Overview 10.1.3 Egypt Market Overview 10.1.4 Nigeria Market Overview 10.1.5 South Africa Market Overview 10.2 Middle East and Africa Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Type 10.3 Middle East and Africa Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size by Application 10.4 Top Players in Middle East and Africa Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market 11 Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Segmentation by Type 11.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type) 11.2 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.3 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.4 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Price by Type (2020-2033) 12 Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Segmentation by Application 12.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application) 12.2 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Sales by Application (2020-2033) 12.3 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2033) 12.4 Global Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2033) 13 Company Profiles 13.1 HBM 13.1.1 HBM Company Overview 13.1.2 HBM Business Overview 13.1.3 HBM Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.1.4 HBM Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.1.5 Key News 13.2 Althen Sensors and Controls 13.2.1 Althen Sensors and Controls Company Overview 13.2.2 Althen Sensors and Controls Business Overview 13.2.3 Althen Sensors and Controls Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.2.4 Althen Sensors and Controls Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.2.5 Key News 13.3 FANUC 13.3.1 FANUC Company Overview 13.3.2 FANUC Business Overview 13.3.3 FANUC Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.3.4 FANUC Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.3.5 Key News 13.4 OnRobot 13.4.1 OnRobot Company Overview 13.4.2 OnRobot Business Overview 13.4.3 OnRobot Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.4.4 OnRobot Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.4.5 Key News 13.5 Robotiq 13.5.1 Robotiq Company Overview 13.5.2 Robotiq Business Overview 13.5.3 Robotiq Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.5.4 Robotiq Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.5.5 Key News 13.6 Epson 13.6.1 Epson Company Overview 13.6.2 Epson Business Overview 13.6.3 Epson Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.6.4 Epson Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.6.5 Key News 13.7 Forsentek 13.7.1 Forsentek Company Overview 13.7.2 Forsentek Business Overview 13.7.3 Forsentek Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.7.4 Forsentek Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.7.5 Key News 13.8 Bota Systems 13.8.1 Bota Systems Company Overview 13.8.2 Bota Systems Business Overview 13.8.3 Bota Systems Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.8.4 Bota Systems Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.8.5 Key News 13.9 TE Connectivity 13.9.1 TE Connectivity Company Overview 13.9.2 TE Connectivity Business Overview 13.9.3 TE Connectivity Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.9.4 TE Connectivity Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.9.5 Key News 13.10 Mitsubishi Electric 13.10.1 Mitsubishi Electric Company Overview 13.10.2 Mitsubishi Electric Business Overview 13.10.3 Mitsubishi Electric Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.10.4 Mitsubishi Electric Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.10.5 Key News 13.11 ATI Industrial Automation 13.11.1 ATI Industrial Automation Company Overview 13.11.2 ATI Industrial Automation Business Overview 13.11.3 ATI Industrial Automation Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.11.4 ATI Industrial Automation Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.11.5 Key News 13.12 Kistler 13.12.1 Kistler Company Overview 13.12.2 Kistler Business Overview 13.12.3 Kistler Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.12.4 Kistler Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.12.5 Key News 13.13 Nordbo Robotics 13.13.1 Nordbo Robotics Company Overview 13.13.2 Nordbo Robotics Business Overview 13.13.3 Nordbo Robotics Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.13.4 Nordbo Robotics Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.13.5 Key News 13.14 ME Systeme 13.14.1 ME Systeme Company Overview 13.14.2 ME Systeme Business Overview 13.14.3 ME Systeme Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.14.4 ME Systeme Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.14.5 Key News 13.15 NCTE 13.15.1 NCTE Company Overview 13.15.2 NCTE Business Overview 13.15.3 NCTE Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.15.4 NCTE Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.15.5 Key News 13.16 FUTEK 13.16.1 FUTEK Company Overview 13.16.2 FUTEK Business Overview 13.16.3 FUTEK Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.16.4 FUTEK Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.16.5 Key News 13.17 Robotous 13.17.1 Robotous Company Overview 13.17.2 Robotous Business Overview 13.17.3 Robotous Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.17.4 Robotous Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.17.5 Key News 13.18 SINTOKOGIO 13.18.1 SINTOKOGIO Company Overview 13.18.2 SINTOKOGIO Business Overview 13.18.3 SINTOKOGIO Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.18.4 SINTOKOGIO Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.18.5 Key News 13.19 Sunrise Instruments 13.19.1 Sunrise Instruments Company Overview 13.19.2 Sunrise Instruments Business Overview 13.19.3 Sunrise Instruments Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.19.4 Sunrise Instruments Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.19.5 Key News 13.20 Hypersen 13.20.1 Hypersen Company Overview 13.20.2 Hypersen Business Overview 13.20.3 Hypersen Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.20.4 Hypersen Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.20.5 Key News 13.21 Changzhou Right Measurement and control system 13.21.1 Changzhou Right Measurement and control system Company Overview 13.21.2 Changzhou Right Measurement and control system Business Overview 13.21.3 Changzhou Right Measurement and control system Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.21.4 Changzhou Right Measurement and control system Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.21.5 Key News 13.22 Fibos 13.22.1 Fibos Company Overview 13.22.2 Fibos Business Overview 13.22.3 Fibos Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.22.4 Fibos Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.22.5 Key News 13.23 HITEC 13.23.1 HITEC Company Overview 13.23.2 HITEC Business Overview 13.23.3 HITEC Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.23.4 HITEC Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.23.5 Key News 13.24 Changzhou Kunwei Sensing Technology 13.24.1 Changzhou Kunwei Sensing Technology Company Overview 13.24.2 Changzhou Kunwei Sensing Technology Business Overview 13.24.3 Changzhou Kunwei Sensing Technology Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.24.4 Changzhou Kunwei Sensing Technology Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.24.5 Key News 13.25 BCM Sensor 13.25.1 BCM Sensor Company Overview 13.25.2 BCM Sensor Business Overview 13.25.3 BCM Sensor Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.25.4 BCM Sensor Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.25.5 Key News 13.26 Shenzhen Ligent Sensor Tech 13.26.1 Shenzhen Ligent Sensor Tech Company Overview 13.26.2 Shenzhen Ligent Sensor Tech Business Overview 13.26.3 Shenzhen Ligent Sensor Tech Multi-Axis Force Sensor Major Product Offerings 13.26.4 Shenzhen Ligent Sensor Tech Multi-Axis Force Sensor Sales and Revenue fromMulti-Axis Force Sensor (2020-2025) 13.26.5 Key News 13.26.6 Key News 14 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 14.1 Key Takeway 14.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 14.3 Market Drivers 14.4 Market Restraints 14.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 14.6 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market 14.7 PEST Analysis of Multi-Axis Force Sensor Market 15 Analysis of the Multi-Axis Force Sensor Industry Chain 15.1 Overview of the Industry Chain 15.2 Upstream Segment Analysis 15.3 Midstream Segment Analysis 15.3.1 Manufacturing, Processing or Conversion Process Analysis 15.3.2 Key Technology Analysis 15.4 Downstream Segment Analysis 15.4.1 Downstream Customer List and Contact Details 15.4.2 Customer Concerns or Preference Analysis 16 Conclusion 17 Appendix 17.1 Methodology 17.2 Research Process and Data Source 17.3 Disclaimer 17.4 Note 17.5 Examples of Clients 17.6 DisclaimerResearch Methodology The research methodology employed in this study follows a structured, four-stage process designed to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of all data and insights presented. The process begins with Information Procurement, wherein data is collected from a wide range of primary and secondary sources. This is followed by Information Analysis, during which the collected data is systematically mapped, discrepancies across sources are examined, and consistency is established through cross-validation.
Subsequently, the Market Formulation phase involves placing verified data points into an appropriate market context to generate meaningful conclusions. This step integrates analyst interpretation and expert heuristics to refine findings and ensure applicability. Finally, all conclusions undergo a rigorous Validation and Publishing process, where each data point is re-evaluated before inclusion in the final deliverable. The methodology emphasizes bidirectional flow and reversibility between key stages to maintain flexibility and reinforce the integrity of the analysis.
Research Process The market research process follows a structured and iterative methodology designed to ensure accuracy, depth, and reliability. It begins with scope definition and research design, where the research objectives are clearly outlined based on client requirements, emerging market trends, and initial exploratory insights. This phase provides strategic direction for all subsequent stages of the research. Data collection is then conducted through both secondary and primary research. Secondary research involves analyzing publicly available and paid sources such as company filings, industry journals, and government databases to build foundational knowledge. This is followed by primary research, which includes direct interviews and surveys with key industry stakeholders—such as manufacturers, distributors, and end users—to gather firsthand insights and address data gaps identified earlier. Techniques included CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephonic Interviewing), CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing), CAVI (Computer-Assisted Video Interviewing via platforms like Zoom and WebEx), and CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing via email or LinkedIn).
