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Electronics & Semiconductor
Published in : Jan 29, 2025
Global GaN Discrete Devices Market Research Report - Market Share Analysis, Industry Trends & Statistics, Growth Forecasts (2025 - 2033)

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Report Summary Catalogue Methodological


Definition and Scope:
GaN discrete devices are semiconductor components made from gallium nitride (GaN) material that are used in various applications such as power electronics, radio frequency (RF) amplifiers, and LEDs. These devices offer advantages over traditional silicon-based components, including higher efficiency, faster switching speeds, and higher breakdown voltage capabilities. GaN discrete devices are increasingly being adopted in industries such as telecommunications, automotive, consumer electronics, and aerospace due to their superior performance characteristics. As the demand for high-power and high-frequency electronic devices continues to grow, the market for GaN discrete devices is expected to expand significantly in the coming years.
The market for GaN discrete devices is being primarily driven by the increasing adoption of electric vehicles, the growing demand for high-speed data communication networks, and the rising need for efficient power management solutions. The automotive industry, in particular, is a key driver of the GaN discrete devices market, as electric vehicles require advanced power electronics for efficient energy conversion. Moreover, the deployment of 5G networks and the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices are driving the demand for GaN devices in the telecommunications sector. Additionally, the focus on renewable energy sources and the need for more efficient power supply solutions are further fueling the growth of the GaN discrete devices market.
The global GaN Discrete Devices market size was estimated at USD 810.24 million in 2024, exhibiting a CAGR of 28.00% during the forecast period.
This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global GaN Discrete Devices market, examining all key dimensions. It provides both a macro-level overview and micro-level market details, including market size, trends, competitive landscape, niche segments, growth drivers, and key challenges.
Report Framework and Key Highlights: Market Dynamics: Identification of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges.
Trend Analysis: Examination of ongoing and emerging trends impacting the market.
Competitive Landscape: Detailed profiles and market positioning of major players, including market share, operational status, product offerings, and strategic developments.
Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, PEST Analysis, Value Chain Analysis
Market Segmentation: By type, application, region, and end-user industry.
Forecasting and Growth Projections: In-depth revenue forecasts and CAGR analysis through 2033.
This report equips readers with critical insights to navigate competitive dynamics and develop effective strategies. Whether assessing a new market entry or refining existing strategies, the report serves as a valuable tool for:
Industry players
Investors
Researchers
Consultants
Business strategists
And all stakeholders with an interest or investment in the GaN Discrete Devices market.
Global GaN Discrete Devices Market: Segmentation Analysis and Strategic Insights
This section of the report provides an in-depth segmentation analysis of the global GaN Discrete Devices market. The market is segmented based on region (country), manufacturer, product type, and application. Segmentation enables a more precise understanding of market dynamics and facilitates targeted strategies across product development, marketing, and sales.
By breaking the market into meaningful subsets, stakeholders can better tailor their offerings to the specific needs of each segment—enhancing competitiveness and improving return on investment.
Global GaN Discrete Devices Market: Market Segmentation Analysis
The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments.
Key Companies Profiled
Infineon
Texas Instruments
Microchip Technology
Mitsubishi Electric
Toshiba
STMicroelectronics
Wolfspeed
Sumitomo Electric
GaXtrem
Foshan NationStar Semiconductor
NXP Semiconductor
GaN Systems
GaNPower
Nexperia
CR Micro
Fujitsu
Qorvo
ROHM
Teledyne Defense Electronics
Innoscience
Transphorm
Cambridge GaN Devices
Navitas Semiconductor
Ampleon
PN Junction Semiconductor (Hangzhou)
Shanghai Cool Semiconductor
Chengdu Danxi Technology
GaNext
Market Segmentation by Type
Low and Medium Voltage Discrete Devices
High Voltage Discrete Devices
Market Segmentation by Application
Consumer Electronics
Telecom
Automotive
Industrial
Denfense
Energy
Others
Geographic Segmentation North America: United States, Canada, Mexico
Europe: Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia.
Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
South America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia.
Middle East and Africa (MEA): Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA
Report Framework and Chapter Summary Chapter 1: Report Scope and Market Definition
This chapter outlines the statistical boundaries and scope of the report. It defines the segmentation standards used throughout the study, including criteria for dividing the market by region, product type, application, and other relevant dimensions. It establishes the foundational definitions and classifications that guide the rest of the analysis.
Chapter 2: Executive Summary
This chapter presents a concise summary of the market’s current status and future outlook across different segments—by geography, product type, and application. It includes key metrics such as market size, growth trends, and development potential for each segment. The chapter offers a high-level overview of the GaN Discrete Devices Market, highlighting its evolution over the short, medium, and long term.
Chapter 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Environment
This chapter explores the latest developments in the market, identifying key growth drivers, restraints, challenges, and risks faced by industry participants. It also includes an analysis of the policy and regulatory landscape affecting the market, providing insight into how external factors may shape future performance.
Chapter 4: Competitive Landscape
This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the market's competitive environment. It covers market share, production capacity, output, pricing trends, and strategic developments such as mergers, acquisitions, and expansion plans of leading players. This analysis offers a comprehensive view of the positioning and performance of top competitors.
Chapters 5–10: Regional Market Analysis
These chapters offer in-depth, quantitative evaluations of market size and growth potential across major regions and countries. Each chapter assesses regional consumption patterns, market dynamics, development prospects, and available capacity. The analysis helps readers understand geographical differences and opportunities in global markets.
Chapter 11: Market Segmentation by Product Type
This chapter examines the market based on product type, analyzing the size, growth trends, and potential of each segment. It helps stakeholders identify underexplored or high-potential product categories—often referred to as “blue ocean” opportunities.
Chapter 12: Market Segmentation by Application
This chapter analyzes the market based on application fields, providing insights into the scale and future development of each application segment. It supports readers in identifying high-growth areas across downstream markets.
Chapter 13: Company Profiles
This chapter presents comprehensive profiles of leading companies operating in the market. For each company, it details sales revenue, volume, pricing, gross profit margin, market share, product offerings, and recent strategic developments. This section offers valuable insight into corporate performance and strategy.
Chapter 14: Industry Chain and Value Chain Analysis
This chapter explores the full industry chain, from upstream raw material suppliers to downstream application sectors. It includes a value chain analysis that highlights the interconnections and dependencies across various parts of the ecosystem.
Chapter 15: Key Findings and Conclusions
The final chapter summarizes the main takeaways from the report, presenting the core conclusions, strategic recommendations, and implications for stakeholders. It encapsulates the insights drawn from all previous chapters.
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports
1.1 GaN Discrete Devices Market Definition
1.2 GaN Discrete Devices Market Segments
1.2.1 Segment by Type
1.2.2 Segment by Application
2 Executive Summary
2.1 Global GaN Discrete Devices Market Size
2.2 Market Segmentation – by Type
2.3 Market Segmentation – by Application
2.4 Market Segmentation – by Geography
3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
3.1 Key Takeway
3.2 Market Opportunities & Trends
3.3 Market Drivers
3.4 Market Restraints
3.5 Market Major Factor Assessment
4 Global GaN Discrete Devices Market Competitive Landscape
4.1 Global GaN Discrete Devices Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
4.2 Global GaN Discrete Devices Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025)
4.3 GaN Discrete Devices Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3)
4.4 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans
4.5 Mergers & Acquisitions
5 Global GaN Discrete Devices Market by Region
5.1 Global GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Region
5.1.1 Global GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Region
5.1.2 Global GaN Discrete Devices Market Size Market Share by Region
5.2 Global GaN Discrete Devices Sales by Region
5.2.1 Global GaN Discrete Devices Sales by Region
5.2.2 Global GaN Discrete Devices Sales Market Share by Region
6 North America Market Overview
6.1 North America GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Country
6.1.1 USA Market Overview
6.1.2 Canada Market Overview
6.1.3 Mexico Market Overview
6.2 North America GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Type
6.3 North America GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Application
6.4 Top Players in North America GaN Discrete Devices Market
7 Europe Market Overview
7.1 Europe GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Country
7.1.1 Germany Market Overview
7.1.2 France Market Overview
7.1.3 U.K. Market Overview
7.1.4 Italy Market Overview
7.1.5 Spain Market Overview
7.1.6 Sweden Market Overview
7.1.7 Denmark Market Overview
7.1.8 Netherlands Market Overview
7.1.9 Switzerland Market Overview
7.1.10 Belgium Market Overview
7.1.11 Russia Market Overview
7.2 Europe GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Type
7.3 Europe GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Application
7.4 Top Players in Europe GaN Discrete Devices Market
8 Asia-Pacific Market Overview
8.1 Asia-Pacific GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Country
8.1.1 China Market Overview
8.1.2 Japan Market Overview
8.1.3 South Korea Market Overview
8.1.4 India Market Overview
8.1.5 Australia Market Overview
8.1.6 Indonesia Market Overview
8.1.7 Malaysia Market Overview
8.1.8 Philippines Market Overview
8.1.9 Singapore Market Overview
8.1.10 Thailand Market Overview
8.1.11 Rest of APAC Market Overview
8.2 Asia-Pacific GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Type
8.3 Asia-Pacific GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Application
8.4 Top Players in Asia-Pacific GaN Discrete Devices Market
9 South America Market Overview
9.1 South America GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Country
9.1.1 Brazil Market Overview
9.1.2 Argentina Market Overview
9.1.3 Columbia Market Overview
9.2 South America GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Type
9.3 South America GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Application
9.4 Top Players in South America GaN Discrete Devices Market
10 Middle East and Africa Market Overview
10.1 Middle East and Africa GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Country
10.1.1 Saudi Arabia Market Overview
10.1.2 UAE Market Overview
10.1.3 Egypt Market Overview
10.1.4 Nigeria Market Overview
10.1.5 South Africa Market Overview
10.2 Middle East and Africa GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Type
10.3 Middle East and Africa GaN Discrete Devices Market Size by Application
10.4 Top Players in Middle East and Africa GaN Discrete Devices Market
11 GaN Discrete Devices Market Segmentation by Type
11.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type)
11.2 Global GaN Discrete Devices Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2033)
11.3 Global GaN Discrete Devices Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2033)
11.4 Global GaN Discrete Devices Price by Type (2020-2033)
12 GaN Discrete Devices Market Segmentation by Application
12.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application)
12.2 Global GaN Discrete Devices Market Sales by Application (2020-2033)
12.3 Global GaN Discrete Devices Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2033)
12.4 Global GaN Discrete Devices Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2033)
13 Company Profiles
13.1 Infineon
13.1.1 Infineon Company Overview
13.1.2 Infineon Business Overview
13.1.3 Infineon GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.1.4 Infineon GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.1.5 Key News
13.2 Texas Instruments
13.2.1 Texas Instruments Company Overview
13.2.2 Texas Instruments Business Overview
13.2.3 Texas Instruments GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.2.4 Texas Instruments GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.2.5 Key News
13.3 Microchip Technology
13.3.1 Microchip Technology Company Overview
13.3.2 Microchip Technology Business Overview
13.3.3 Microchip Technology GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.3.4 Microchip Technology GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.3.5 Key News
13.4 Mitsubishi Electric
13.4.1 Mitsubishi Electric Company Overview
13.4.2 Mitsubishi Electric Business Overview
13.4.3 Mitsubishi Electric GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.4.4 Mitsubishi Electric GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.4.5 Key News
13.5 Toshiba
13.5.1 Toshiba Company Overview
13.5.2 Toshiba Business Overview
13.5.3 Toshiba GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.5.4 Toshiba GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.5.5 Key News
13.6 STMicroelectronics
13.6.1 STMicroelectronics Company Overview
13.6.2 STMicroelectronics Business Overview
13.6.3 STMicroelectronics GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.6.4 STMicroelectronics GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.6.5 Key News
13.7 Wolfspeed
13.7.1 Wolfspeed Company Overview
13.7.2 Wolfspeed Business Overview
13.7.3 Wolfspeed GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.7.4 Wolfspeed GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.7.5 Key News
13.8 Sumitomo Electric
13.8.1 Sumitomo Electric Company Overview
13.8.2 Sumitomo Electric Business Overview
13.8.3 Sumitomo Electric GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.8.4 Sumitomo Electric GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.8.5 Key News
13.9 GaXtrem
13.9.1 GaXtrem Company Overview
13.9.2 GaXtrem Business Overview
13.9.3 GaXtrem GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.9.4 GaXtrem GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.9.5 Key News
13.10 Foshan NationStar Semiconductor
13.10.1 Foshan NationStar Semiconductor Company Overview
13.10.2 Foshan NationStar Semiconductor Business Overview
13.10.3 Foshan NationStar Semiconductor GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.10.4 Foshan NationStar Semiconductor GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.10.5 Key News
13.11 NXP Semiconductor
13.11.1 NXP Semiconductor Company Overview
13.11.2 NXP Semiconductor Business Overview
13.11.3 NXP Semiconductor GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.11.4 NXP Semiconductor GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.11.5 Key News
13.12 GaN Systems
13.12.1 GaN Systems Company Overview
13.12.2 GaN Systems Business Overview
13.12.3 GaN Systems GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.12.4 GaN Systems GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.12.5 Key News
13.13 GaNPower
13.13.1 GaNPower Company Overview
13.13.2 GaNPower Business Overview
13.13.3 GaNPower GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.13.4 GaNPower GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.13.5 Key News
13.14 Nexperia
13.14.1 Nexperia Company Overview
13.14.2 Nexperia Business Overview
13.14.3 Nexperia GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.14.4 Nexperia GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.14.5 Key News
13.15 CR Micro
13.15.1 CR Micro Company Overview
13.15.2 CR Micro Business Overview
13.15.3 CR Micro GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.15.4 CR Micro GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.15.5 Key News
13.16 Fujitsu
13.16.1 Fujitsu Company Overview
13.16.2 Fujitsu Business Overview
13.16.3 Fujitsu GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.16.4 Fujitsu GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.16.5 Key News
13.17 Qorvo
13.17.1 Qorvo Company Overview
13.17.2 Qorvo Business Overview
13.17.3 Qorvo GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.17.4 Qorvo GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.17.5 Key News
13.18 ROHM
13.18.1 ROHM Company Overview
13.18.2 ROHM Business Overview
13.18.3 ROHM GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.18.4 ROHM GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.18.5 Key News
13.19 Teledyne Defense Electronics
13.19.1 Teledyne Defense Electronics Company Overview
13.19.2 Teledyne Defense Electronics Business Overview
13.19.3 Teledyne Defense Electronics GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.19.4 Teledyne Defense Electronics GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.19.5 Key News
13.20 Innoscience
13.20.1 Innoscience Company Overview
13.20.2 Innoscience Business Overview
13.20.3 Innoscience GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.20.4 Innoscience GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.20.5 Key News
13.21 Transphorm
13.21.1 Transphorm Company Overview
13.21.2 Transphorm Business Overview
13.21.3 Transphorm GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.21.4 Transphorm GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.21.5 Key News
13.22 Cambridge GaN Devices
13.22.1 Cambridge GaN Devices Company Overview
13.22.2 Cambridge GaN Devices Business Overview
13.22.3 Cambridge GaN Devices GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.22.4 Cambridge GaN Devices GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.22.5 Key News
13.23 Navitas Semiconductor
13.23.1 Navitas Semiconductor Company Overview
13.23.2 Navitas Semiconductor Business Overview
13.23.3 Navitas Semiconductor GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.23.4 Navitas Semiconductor GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.23.5 Key News
13.24 Ampleon
13.24.1 Ampleon Company Overview
13.24.2 Ampleon Business Overview
13.24.3 Ampleon GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.24.4 Ampleon GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.24.5 Key News
13.25 PN Junction Semiconductor (Hangzhou)
13.25.1 PN Junction Semiconductor (Hangzhou) Company Overview
13.25.2 PN Junction Semiconductor (Hangzhou) Business Overview
13.25.3 PN Junction Semiconductor (Hangzhou) GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.25.4 PN Junction Semiconductor (Hangzhou) GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.25.5 Key News
13.26 Shanghai Cool Semiconductor
13.26.1 Shanghai Cool Semiconductor Company Overview
13.26.2 Shanghai Cool Semiconductor Business Overview
13.26.3 Shanghai Cool Semiconductor GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.26.4 Shanghai Cool Semiconductor GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.26.5 Key News
13.27 Chengdu Danxi Technology
13.27.1 Chengdu Danxi Technology Company Overview
13.27.2 Chengdu Danxi Technology Business Overview
13.27.3 Chengdu Danxi Technology GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.27.4 Chengdu Danxi Technology GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.27.5 Key News
13.28 GaNext
13.28.1 GaNext Company Overview
13.28.2 GaNext Business Overview
13.28.3 GaNext GaN Discrete Devices Major Product Offerings
13.28.4 GaNext GaN Discrete Devices Sales and Revenue fromGaN Discrete Devices (2020-2025)
13.28.5 Key News
13.28.6 Key News
14 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints
14.1 Key Takeway
14.2 Market Opportunities & Trends
14.3 Market Drivers
14.4 Market Restraints
14.5 Market Major Factor Assessment
14.6 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of GaN Discrete Devices Market
14.7 PEST Analysis of GaN Discrete Devices Market
15 Analysis of the GaN Discrete Devices Industry Chain
15.1 Overview of the Industry Chain
15.2 Upstream Segment Analysis
15.3 Midstream Segment Analysis
15.3.1 Manufacturing, Processing or Conversion Process Analysis
15.3.2 Key Technology Analysis
15.4 Downstream Segment Analysis
15.4.1 Downstream Customer List and Contact Details
15.4.2 Customer Concerns or Preference Analysis
16 Conclusion
17 Appendix
17.1 Methodology
17.2 Research Process and Data Source
17.3 Disclaimer
17.4 Note
17.5 Examples of Clients
17.6 Disclaimer
Research Methodology
The research methodology employed in this study follows a structured, four-stage process designed to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of all data and insights presented. The process begins with Information Procurement, wherein data is collected from a wide range of primary and secondary sources. This is followed by Information Analysis, during which the collected data is systematically mapped, discrepancies across sources are examined, and consistency is established through cross-validation.


Subsequently, the Market Formulation phase involves placing verified data points into an appropriate market context to generate meaningful conclusions. This step integrates analyst interpretation and expert heuristics to refine findings and ensure applicability. Finally, all conclusions undergo a rigorous Validation and Publishing process, where each data point is re-evaluated before inclusion in the final deliverable. The methodology emphasizes bidirectional flow and reversibility between key stages to maintain flexibility and reinforce the integrity of the analysis.
Research Process
The market research process follows a structured and iterative methodology designed to ensure accuracy, depth, and reliability. It begins with scope definition and research design, where the research objectives are clearly outlined based on client requirements, emerging market trends, and initial exploratory insights. This phase provides strategic direction for all subsequent stages of the research.
Data collection is then conducted through both secondary and primary research. Secondary research involves analyzing publicly available and paid sources such as company filings, industry journals, and government databases to build foundational knowledge. This is followed by primary research, which includes direct interviews and surveys with key industry stakeholders—such as manufacturers, distributors, and end users—to gather firsthand insights and address data gaps identified earlier. Techniques included CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephonic Interviewing), CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing), CAVI (Computer-Assisted Video Interviewing via platforms like Zoom and WebEx), and CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing via email or LinkedIn).