Definition and Scope: Stadium LED displays are large screens made up of light-emitting diodes that are specifically designed for outdoor use in stadiums and sports arenas. These displays are used to showcase live video feeds, instant replays, advertisements, and other content to enhance the viewing experience for spectators. Stadium LED displays are known for their high brightness, energy efficiency, durability, and ability to deliver clear images even in direct sunlight. As technology advances, stadium LED displays are becoming increasingly popular due to their superior performance and versatility in meeting the evolving needs of sports and entertainment venues. The market for stadium LED displays is experiencing significant growth driven by several key factors. One of the primary market drivers is the increasing demand for enhanced visual experiences in sports and entertainment events. Stadiums and arenas are constantly looking for ways to engage and captivate audiences, and high-quality LED displays play a crucial role in achieving this goal. Additionally, the growing trend of hosting mega-events such as international sports tournaments and concerts is driving the adoption of stadium LED displays on a global scale. Furthermore, advancements in LED technology, including higher resolutions, better color accuracy, and improved energy efficiency, are making LED displays the preferred choice for stadium owners and event organizers looking to invest in state-of-the-art visual solutions. In addition to the demand for enhanced visual experiences and technological advancements, the market for stadium LED displays is also influenced by factors such as increasing investments in sports infrastructure, rising disposable incomes leading to higher spending on entertainment, and the trend towards digital advertising in sports venues. As a result, the market is expected to continue its growth trajectory, with more stadiums and arenas opting to upgrade their display systems to stay competitive and meet the expectations of modern audiences. The combination of these market drivers and trends indicates a promising outlook for the stadium LED display market, with opportunities for manufacturers, suppliers, and service providers to capitalize on the growing demand for innovative visual solutions in the sports and entertainment industry. The global Stadium LED Display market size was estimated at USD 470.8 million in 2024, exhibiting a CAGR of 3.70% during the forecast period. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global Stadium LED Display market, examining all key dimensions. It provides both a macro-level overview and micro-level market details, including market size, trends, competitive landscape, niche segments, growth drivers, and key challenges. Report Framework and Key Highlights: Market Dynamics: Identification of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges. Trend Analysis: Examination of ongoing and emerging trends impacting the market. Competitive Landscape: Detailed profiles and market positioning of major players, including market share, operational status, product offerings, and strategic developments. Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, PEST Analysis, Value Chain Analysis Market Segmentation: By type, application, region, and end-user industry. Forecasting and Growth Projections: In-depth revenue forecasts and CAGR analysis through 2033. This report equips readers with critical insights to navigate competitive dynamics and develop effective strategies. Whether assessing a new market entry or refining existing strategies, the report serves as a valuable tool for: Industry players Investors Researchers Consultants Business strategists And all stakeholders with an interest or investment in the Stadium LED Display market. Global Stadium LED Display Market: Segmentation Analysis and Strategic Insights This section of the report provides an in-depth segmentation analysis of the global Stadium LED Display market. The market is segmented based on region (country), manufacturer, product type, and application. Segmentation enables a more precise understanding of market dynamics and facilitates targeted strategies across product development, marketing, and sales. By breaking the market into meaningful subsets, stakeholders can better tailor their offerings to the specific needs of each segment—enhancing competitiveness and improving return on investment. Global Stadium LED Display Market: Market Segmentation Analysis The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments. Key Companies Profiled Daktronics Data Display Co. Ltd. Panasonic Corporation Barco N.V. Sony Corporation The ADI Group Vegas LED Screens Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Leyard Optoelectronic Co. Ltd. HS Sports Ltd. TechnoVISION SRL Euro Display Srl Focono Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. Pro Display Bodet Sport Or Rishon Digital Kabuki-scifi Xiamen Qiangli Jucai Opto-Electronic Technology Co. Ltd. Shenzhen EASTAR Electronic Co. Ltd. Shenzhen Dicolor Optoelectronics Co. Ltd. Hunan Xinyasheng Technology & Development Co. Ltd. Market Segmentation by Type Individually Mounted Surface Mounted Market Segmentation by Application Indoor Stadium Outdoor Stadium Geographic Segmentation North America: United States, Canada, Mexico Europe: Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia. Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand South America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia. Middle East and Africa (MEA): Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA Report Framework and Chapter Summary Chapter 1: Report Scope and Market Definition This chapter outlines the statistical boundaries and scope of the report. It defines the segmentation standards used throughout the study, including criteria for dividing the market by region, product type, application, and other relevant dimensions. It establishes the foundational definitions and classifications that guide the rest of the analysis. Chapter 2: Executive Summary This chapter presents a concise summary of the market’s current status and future outlook across different segments—by geography, product type, and application. It includes key metrics such as market size, growth trends, and development potential for each segment. The chapter offers a high-level overview of the Stadium LED Display Market, highlighting its evolution over the short, medium, and long term. Chapter 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Environment This chapter explores the latest developments in the market, identifying key growth drivers, restraints, challenges, and risks faced by industry participants. It also includes an analysis of the policy and regulatory landscape affecting the market, providing insight into how external factors may shape future performance. Chapter 4: Competitive Landscape This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the market's competitive environment. It covers market share, production capacity, output, pricing trends, and strategic developments such as mergers, acquisitions, and expansion plans of leading players. This analysis offers a comprehensive view of the positioning and performance of top competitors. Chapters 5–10: Regional Market Analysis These chapters offer in-depth, quantitative evaluations of market size and growth potential across major regions and countries. Each chapter assesses regional consumption patterns, market dynamics, development prospects, and available capacity. The analysis helps readers understand geographical differences and opportunities in global markets. Chapter 11: Market Segmentation by Product Type This chapter examines the market based on product type, analyzing the size, growth trends, and potential of each segment. It helps stakeholders identify underexplored or high-potential product categories—often referred to as “blue ocean” opportunities. Chapter 12: Market Segmentation by Application This chapter analyzes the market based on application fields, providing insights into the scale and future development of each application segment. It supports readers in identifying high-growth areas across downstream markets. Chapter 13: Company Profiles This chapter presents comprehensive profiles of leading companies operating in the market. For each company, it details sales revenue, volume, pricing, gross profit margin, market share, product offerings, and recent strategic developments. This section offers valuable insight into corporate performance and strategy. Chapter 14: Industry Chain and Value Chain Analysis This chapter explores the full industry chain, from upstream raw material suppliers to downstream application sectors. It includes a value chain analysis that highlights the interconnections and dependencies across various parts of the ecosystem. Chapter 15: Key Findings and Conclusions The final chapter summarizes the main takeaways from the report, presenting the core conclusions, strategic recommendations, and implications for stakeholders. It encapsulates the insights drawn from all previous chapters. Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports 1.1 Stadium LED Display Market Definition 1.2 Stadium LED Display Market Segments 1.2.1 Segment by Type 1.2.2 Segment by Application 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Global Stadium LED Display Market Size 2.2 Market Segmentation – by Type 2.3 Market Segmentation – by Application 2.4 Market Segmentation – by Geography 3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 3.1 Key Takeway 3.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 3.3 Market Drivers 3.4 Market Restraints 3.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 4 Global Stadium LED Display Market Competitive Landscape 4.1 Global Stadium LED Display Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.2 Global Stadium LED Display Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.3 Stadium LED Display Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) 4.4 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans 4.5 Mergers & Acquisitions 5 Global Stadium LED Display Market by Region 5.1 Global Stadium LED Display Market Size by Region 5.1.1 Global Stadium LED Display Market Size by Region 5.1.2 Global Stadium LED Display Market Size Market Share by Region 5.2 Global Stadium LED Display Sales by Region 5.2.1 Global Stadium LED Display Sales by Region 5.2.2 Global Stadium LED Display Sales Market Share by Region 6 North America Market Overview 6.1 North America Stadium LED Display Market Size by Country 6.1.1 USA Market Overview 6.1.2 Canada Market Overview 6.1.3 Mexico Market Overview 6.2 North America Stadium LED Display Market Size by Type 6.3 North America Stadium LED Display Market Size by Application 6.4 Top Players in North America Stadium LED Display Market 7 Europe Market Overview 7.1 Europe Stadium LED Display Market Size by Country 7.1.1 Germany Market Overview 7.1.2 France Market Overview 7.1.3 U.K. Market Overview 7.1.4 Italy Market Overview 7.1.5 Spain Market Overview 7.1.6 Sweden Market Overview 7.1.7 Denmark Market Overview 7.1.8 Netherlands Market Overview 7.1.9 Switzerland Market Overview 7.1.10 Belgium Market Overview 7.1.11 Russia Market Overview 7.2 Europe Stadium LED Display Market Size by Type 7.3 Europe Stadium LED Display Market Size by Application 7.4 Top Players in Europe Stadium LED Display Market 8 Asia-Pacific Market Overview 8.1 Asia-Pacific Stadium LED Display Market Size by Country 8.1.1 China Market Overview 8.1.2 Japan Market Overview 8.1.3 South Korea Market Overview 8.1.4 India Market Overview 8.1.5 Australia Market Overview 8.1.6 Indonesia Market Overview 8.1.7 Malaysia Market Overview 8.1.8 Philippines Market Overview 8.1.9 Singapore Market Overview 8.1.10 Thailand Market Overview 8.1.11 Rest of APAC Market Overview 8.2 Asia-Pacific Stadium LED Display Market Size by Type 8.3 Asia-Pacific Stadium LED Display Market Size by Application 8.4 Top Players in Asia-Pacific Stadium LED Display Market 9 South America Market Overview 9.1 South America Stadium LED Display Market Size by Country 9.1.1 Brazil Market Overview 9.1.2 Argentina Market Overview 9.1.3 Columbia Market Overview 9.2 South America Stadium LED Display Market Size by Type 9.3 South America Stadium LED Display Market Size by Application 9.4 Top Players in South America Stadium LED Display Market 10 Middle East and Africa Market Overview 10.1 Middle East and Africa Stadium LED Display Market Size by Country 10.1.1 Saudi Arabia Market Overview 10.1.2 UAE Market Overview 10.1.3 Egypt Market Overview 10.1.4 Nigeria Market Overview 10.1.5 South Africa Market Overview 10.2 Middle East and Africa Stadium LED Display Market Size by Type 10.3 Middle East and Africa Stadium LED Display Market Size by Application 10.4 Top Players in Middle East and Africa Stadium LED Display Market 11 Stadium LED Display Market Segmentation by Type 11.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type) 11.2 Global Stadium LED Display Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.3 Global Stadium LED Display Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.4 Global Stadium LED Display Price by Type (2020-2033) 12 Stadium LED Display Market Segmentation by Application 12.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application) 12.2 Global Stadium LED Display Market Sales by Application (2020-2033) 12.3 Global Stadium LED Display Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2033) 12.4 Global Stadium LED Display Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2033) 13 Company Profiles 13.1 Daktronics 13.1.1 Daktronics Company Overview 13.1.2 Daktronics Business Overview 13.1.3 Daktronics Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.1.4 Daktronics Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.1.5 Key News 13.2 Data Display Co. 13.2.1 Data Display Co. Company Overview 13.2.2 Data Display Co. Business Overview 13.2.3 Data Display Co. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.2.4 Data Display Co. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.2.5 Key News 13.3 Ltd. 13.3.1 Ltd. Company Overview 13.3.2 Ltd. Business Overview 13.3.3 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.3.4 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.3.5 Key News 13.4 Panasonic Corporation 13.4.1 Panasonic Corporation Company Overview 13.4.2 Panasonic Corporation Business Overview 13.4.3 Panasonic Corporation Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.4.4 Panasonic Corporation Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.4.5 Key News 13.5 Barco N.V. 13.5.1 Barco N.V. Company Overview 13.5.2 Barco N.V. Business Overview 13.5.3 Barco N.V. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.5.4 Barco N.V. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.5.5 Key News 13.6 Sony Corporation 13.6.1 Sony Corporation Company Overview 13.6.2 Sony Corporation Business Overview 13.6.3 Sony Corporation Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.6.4 Sony Corporation Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.6.5 Key News 13.7 The ADI Group 13.7.1 The ADI Group Company Overview 13.7.2 The ADI Group Business Overview 13.7.3 The ADI Group Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.7.4 The ADI Group Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.7.5 Key News 13.8 Vegas LED Screens 13.8.1 Vegas LED Screens Company Overview 13.8.2 Vegas LED Screens Business Overview 13.8.3 Vegas LED Screens Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.8.4 Vegas LED Screens Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.8.5 Key News 13.9 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation 13.9.1 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Company Overview 13.9.2 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Business Overview 13.9.3 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.9.4 Mitsubishi Electric Corporation Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.9.5 Key News 13.10 Leyard Optoelectronic Co. 13.10.1 Leyard Optoelectronic Co. Company Overview 13.10.2 Leyard Optoelectronic Co. Business Overview 13.10.3 Leyard Optoelectronic Co. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.10.4 Leyard Optoelectronic Co. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.10.5 Key News 13.11 Ltd. 13.11.1 Ltd. Company Overview 13.11.2 Ltd. Business Overview 13.11.3 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.11.4 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.11.5 Key News 13.12 HS Sports Ltd. 13.12.1 HS Sports Ltd. Company Overview 13.12.2 HS Sports Ltd. Business Overview 13.12.3 HS Sports Ltd. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.12.4 HS Sports Ltd. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.12.5 Key News 13.13 TechnoVISION SRL 13.13.1 TechnoVISION SRL Company Overview 13.13.2 TechnoVISION SRL Business Overview 13.13.3 TechnoVISION SRL Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.13.4 TechnoVISION SRL Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.13.5 Key News 13.14 Euro Display Srl 13.14.1 Euro Display Srl Company Overview 13.14.2 Euro Display Srl Business Overview 13.14.3 Euro Display Srl Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.14.4 Euro Display Srl Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.14.5 Key News 13.15 Focono Optoelectronics Co. 13.15.1 Focono Optoelectronics Co. Company Overview 13.15.2 Focono Optoelectronics Co. Business Overview 13.15.3 Focono Optoelectronics Co. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.15.4 Focono Optoelectronics Co. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.15.5 Key News 13.16 Ltd. 13.16.1 Ltd. Company Overview 13.16.2 Ltd. Business Overview 13.16.3 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.16.4 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.16.5 Key News 13.17 Pro Display 13.17.1 Pro Display Company Overview 13.17.2 Pro Display Business Overview 13.17.3 Pro Display Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.17.4 Pro Display Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.17.5 Key News 13.18 Bodet Sport 13.18.1 Bodet Sport Company Overview 13.18.2 Bodet Sport Business Overview 13.18.3 Bodet Sport Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.18.4 Bodet Sport Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.18.5 Key News 13.19 Or Rishon Digital 13.19.1 Or Rishon Digital Company Overview 13.19.2 Or Rishon Digital Business Overview 13.19.3 Or Rishon Digital Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.19.4 Or Rishon Digital Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.19.5 Key News 13.20 Kabuki-scifi 13.20.1 Kabuki-scifi Company Overview 13.20.2 Kabuki-scifi Business Overview 13.20.3 Kabuki-scifi Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.20.4 Kabuki-scifi Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.20.5 Key News 13.21 Xiamen Qiangli Jucai Opto-Electronic Technology Co. 13.21.1 Xiamen Qiangli Jucai Opto-Electronic Technology Co. Company Overview 13.21.2 Xiamen Qiangli Jucai Opto-Electronic Technology Co. Business Overview 13.21.3 Xiamen Qiangli Jucai Opto-Electronic Technology Co. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.21.4 Xiamen Qiangli Jucai Opto-Electronic Technology Co. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.21.5 Key News 13.22 Ltd. 13.22.1 Ltd. Company Overview 13.22.2 Ltd. Business Overview 13.22.3 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.22.4 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.22.5 Key News 13.23 Shenzhen EASTAR Electronic Co. 13.23.1 Shenzhen EASTAR Electronic Co. Company Overview 13.23.2 Shenzhen EASTAR Electronic Co. Business Overview 13.23.3 Shenzhen EASTAR Electronic Co. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.23.4 Shenzhen EASTAR Electronic Co. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.23.5 Key News 13.24 Ltd. 13.24.1 Ltd. Company Overview 13.24.2 Ltd. Business Overview 13.24.3 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.24.4 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.24.5 Key News 13.25 Shenzhen Dicolor Optoelectronics Co. 13.25.1 Shenzhen Dicolor Optoelectronics Co. Company Overview 13.25.2 Shenzhen Dicolor Optoelectronics Co. Business Overview 13.25.3 Shenzhen Dicolor Optoelectronics Co. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.25.4 Shenzhen Dicolor Optoelectronics Co. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.25.5 Key News 13.26 Ltd. 13.26.1 Ltd. Company Overview 13.26.2 Ltd. Business Overview 13.26.3 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.26.4 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.26.5 Key News 13.27 Hunan Xinyasheng Technology and Development Co. 13.27.1 Hunan Xinyasheng Technology and Development Co. Company Overview 13.27.2 Hunan Xinyasheng Technology and Development Co. Business Overview 13.27.3 Hunan Xinyasheng Technology and Development Co. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.27.4 Hunan Xinyasheng Technology and Development Co. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.27.5 Key News 13.28 Ltd. 13.28.1 Ltd. Company Overview 13.28.2 Ltd. Business Overview 13.28.3 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Major Product Offerings 13.28.4 Ltd. Stadium LED Display Sales and Revenue fromStadium LED Display (2020-2025) 13.28.5 Key News 14 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 14.1 Key Takeway 14.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 14.3 Market Drivers 14.4 Market Restraints 14.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 14.6 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Stadium LED Display Market 14.7 PEST Analysis of Stadium LED Display Market 15 Analysis of the Stadium LED Display Industry Chain 15.1 Overview of the Industry Chain 15.2 Upstream Segment Analysis 15.3 Midstream Segment Analysis 15.3.1 Manufacturing, Processing or Conversion Process Analysis 15.3.2 Key Technology Analysis 15.4 Downstream Segment Analysis 15.4.1 Downstream Customer List and Contact Details 15.4.2 Customer Concerns or Preference Analysis 16 Conclusion 17 Appendix 17.1 Methodology 17.2 Research Process and Data Source 17.3 Disclaimer 17.4 Note 17.5 Examples of Clients 17.6 DisclaimerResearch Methodology The research methodology employed in this study follows a structured, four-stage process designed to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of all data and insights presented. The process begins with Information Procurement, wherein data is collected from a wide range of primary and secondary sources. This is followed by Information Analysis, during which the collected data is systematically mapped, discrepancies across sources are examined, and consistency is established through cross-validation.
Subsequently, the Market Formulation phase involves placing verified data points into an appropriate market context to generate meaningful conclusions. This step integrates analyst interpretation and expert heuristics to refine findings and ensure applicability. Finally, all conclusions undergo a rigorous Validation and Publishing process, where each data point is re-evaluated before inclusion in the final deliverable. The methodology emphasizes bidirectional flow and reversibility between key stages to maintain flexibility and reinforce the integrity of the analysis.
Research Process The market research process follows a structured and iterative methodology designed to ensure accuracy, depth, and reliability. It begins with scope definition and research design, where the research objectives are clearly outlined based on client requirements, emerging market trends, and initial exploratory insights. This phase provides strategic direction for all subsequent stages of the research. Data collection is then conducted through both secondary and primary research. Secondary research involves analyzing publicly available and paid sources such as company filings, industry journals, and government databases to build foundational knowledge. This is followed by primary research, which includes direct interviews and surveys with key industry stakeholders—such as manufacturers, distributors, and end users—to gather firsthand insights and address data gaps identified earlier. Techniques included CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephonic Interviewing), CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing), CAVI (Computer-Assisted Video Interviewing via platforms like Zoom and WebEx), and CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing via email or LinkedIn).
