Definition and Scope: Welded steel pipes and tubes are hollow, cylindrical products made from steel strips that are welded together to form a seamless tube. These products are commonly used in various industries such as oil and gas, construction, automotive, and infrastructure development. Welded steel pipes and tubes are known for their durability, strength, and resistance to corrosion, making them a popular choice for transporting fluids, gases, and solids in different applications. The market for welded steel pipes and tubes is characterized by a wide range of sizes, shapes, and specifications to meet the diverse needs of end-users. The market for welded steel pipes and tubes is experiencing steady growth due to several market drivers. One of the key factors driving market growth is the increasing demand for these products in the construction and infrastructure sectors, particularly in developing economies. The growth of the oil and gas industry is also fueling the demand for welded steel pipes and tubes for applications such as drilling, transportation, and distribution. Additionally, technological advancements in welding techniques and steel manufacturing processes are leading to the development of high-quality, cost-effective welded steel pipes and tubes, further boosting market growth. At the same time, stringent regulations regarding product quality and safety standards are influencing manufacturers to innovate and enhance their product offerings to stay competitive in the market. The global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes market size was estimated at USD 64314.58 million in 2024, exhibiting a CAGR of 3.30% during the forecast period. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes market, examining all key dimensions. It provides both a macro-level overview and micro-level market details, including market size, trends, competitive landscape, niche segments, growth drivers, and key challenges. Report Framework and Key Highlights: Market Dynamics: Identification of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges. Trend Analysis: Examination of ongoing and emerging trends impacting the market. Competitive Landscape: Detailed profiles and market positioning of major players, including market share, operational status, product offerings, and strategic developments. Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, PEST Analysis, Value Chain Analysis Market Segmentation: By type, application, region, and end-user industry. Forecasting and Growth Projections: In-depth revenue forecasts and CAGR analysis through 2033. This report equips readers with critical insights to navigate competitive dynamics and develop effective strategies. Whether assessing a new market entry or refining existing strategies, the report serves as a valuable tool for: Industry players Investors Researchers Consultants Business strategists And all stakeholders with an interest or investment in the Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes market. Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market: Segmentation Analysis and Strategic Insights This section of the report provides an in-depth segmentation analysis of the global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes market. The market is segmented based on region (country), manufacturer, product type, and application. Segmentation enables a more precise understanding of market dynamics and facilitates targeted strategies across product development, marketing, and sales. By breaking the market into meaningful subsets, stakeholders can better tailor their offerings to the specific needs of each segment—enhancing competitiveness and improving return on investment. Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market: Market Segmentation Analysis The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments. Key Companies Profiled Youfa Steel Pipe Group Tenaris Zekelman Industries VALLOUREC China Baowu Steel Group Nippon Steel ChelPipe Group APL Apollo Arcelormittal Hyundai Steel JFE Steel Corporation SeAH Holdings Corp TMK Group Nucor Corporation United States Steel Corporation Kingland & Pipeline Technol-ogies Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Hengyang Valin Steel Tube Severstal TPCO Jindal Saw Evraz Marcegaglia Tata Steel Essar Steel and Ispat Industries Market Segmentation by Type Round Type Square Type Rectangle Type Market Segmentation by Application Construction Industry Industrial Machinery Oil & Gas Industry Power Industry Chemical Industry Others Geographic Segmentation North America: United States, Canada, Mexico Europe: Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia. Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand South America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia. Middle East and Africa (MEA): Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA Report Framework and Chapter Summary Chapter 1: Report Scope and Market Definition This chapter outlines the statistical boundaries and scope of the report. It defines the segmentation standards used throughout the study, including criteria for dividing the market by region, product type, application, and other relevant dimensions. It establishes the foundational definitions and classifications that guide the rest of the analysis. Chapter 2: Executive Summary This chapter presents a concise summary of the market’s current status and future outlook across different segments—by geography, product type, and application. It includes key metrics such as market size, growth trends, and development potential for each segment. The chapter offers a high-level overview of the Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market, highlighting its evolution over the short, medium, and long term. Chapter 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Environment This chapter explores the latest developments in the market, identifying key growth drivers, restraints, challenges, and risks faced by industry participants. It also includes an analysis of the policy and regulatory landscape affecting the market, providing insight into how external factors may shape future performance. Chapter 4: Competitive Landscape This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the market's competitive environment. It covers market share, production capacity, output, pricing trends, and strategic developments such as mergers, acquisitions, and expansion plans of leading players. This analysis offers a comprehensive view of the positioning and performance of top competitors. Chapters 5–10: Regional Market Analysis These chapters offer in-depth, quantitative evaluations of market size and growth potential across major regions and countries. Each chapter assesses regional consumption patterns, market dynamics, development prospects, and available capacity. The analysis helps readers understand geographical differences and opportunities in global markets. Chapter 11: Market Segmentation by Product Type This chapter examines the market based on product type, analyzing the size, growth trends, and potential of each segment. It helps stakeholders identify underexplored or high-potential product categories—often referred to as “blue ocean” opportunities. Chapter 12: Market Segmentation by Application This chapter analyzes the market based on application fields, providing insights into the scale and future development of each application segment. It supports readers in identifying high-growth areas across downstream markets. Chapter 13: Company Profiles This chapter presents comprehensive profiles of leading companies operating in the market. For each company, it details sales revenue, volume, pricing, gross profit margin, market share, product offerings, and recent strategic developments. This section offers valuable insight into corporate performance and strategy. Chapter 14: Industry Chain and Value Chain Analysis This chapter explores the full industry chain, from upstream raw material suppliers to downstream application sectors. It includes a value chain analysis that highlights the interconnections and dependencies across various parts of the ecosystem. Chapter 15: Key Findings and Conclusions The final chapter summarizes the main takeaways from the report, presenting the core conclusions, strategic recommendations, and implications for stakeholders. It encapsulates the insights drawn from all previous chapters. Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports 1.1 Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Definition 1.2 Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Segments 1.2.1 Segment by Type 1.2.2 Segment by Application 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size 2.2 Market Segmentation – by Type 2.3 Market Segmentation – by Application 2.4 Market Segmentation – by Geography 3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 3.1 Key Takeway 3.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 3.3 Market Drivers 3.4 Market Restraints 3.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 4 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Competitive Landscape 4.1 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.2 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.3 Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) 4.4 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans 4.5 Mergers & Acquisitions 5 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market by Region 5.1 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Region 5.1.1 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Region 5.1.2 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size Market Share by Region 5.2 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales by Region 5.2.1 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales by Region 5.2.2 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales Market Share by Region 6 North America Market Overview 6.1 North America Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Country 6.1.1 USA Market Overview 6.1.2 Canada Market Overview 6.1.3 Mexico Market Overview 6.2 North America Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Type 6.3 North America Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Application 6.4 Top Players in North America Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market 7 Europe Market Overview 7.1 Europe Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Country 7.1.1 Germany Market Overview 7.1.2 France Market Overview 7.1.3 U.K. Market Overview 7.1.4 Italy Market Overview 7.1.5 Spain Market Overview 7.1.6 Sweden Market Overview 7.1.7 Denmark Market Overview 7.1.8 Netherlands Market Overview 7.1.9 Switzerland Market Overview 7.1.10 Belgium Market Overview 7.1.11 Russia Market Overview 7.2 Europe Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Type 7.3 Europe Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Application 7.4 Top Players in Europe Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market 8 Asia-Pacific Market Overview 8.1 Asia-Pacific Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Country 8.1.1 China Market Overview 8.1.2 Japan Market Overview 8.1.3 South Korea Market Overview 8.1.4 India Market Overview 8.1.5 Australia Market Overview 8.1.6 Indonesia Market Overview 8.1.7 Malaysia Market Overview 8.1.8 Philippines Market Overview 8.1.9 Singapore Market Overview 8.1.10 Thailand Market Overview 8.1.11 Rest of APAC Market Overview 8.2 Asia-Pacific Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Type 8.3 Asia-Pacific Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Application 8.4 Top Players in Asia-Pacific Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market 9 South America Market Overview 9.1 South America Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Country 9.1.1 Brazil Market Overview 9.1.2 Argentina Market Overview 9.1.3 Columbia Market Overview 9.2 South America Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Type 9.3 South America Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Application 9.4 Top Players in South America Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market 10 Middle East and Africa Market Overview 10.1 Middle East and Africa Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Country 10.1.1 Saudi Arabia Market Overview 10.1.2 UAE Market Overview 10.1.3 Egypt Market Overview 10.1.4 Nigeria Market Overview 10.1.5 South Africa Market Overview 10.2 Middle East and Africa Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Type 10.3 Middle East and Africa Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size by Application 10.4 Top Players in Middle East and Africa Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market 11 Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Segmentation by Type 11.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type) 11.2 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.3 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.4 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Price by Type (2020-2033) 12 Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Segmentation by Application 12.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application) 12.2 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Sales by Application (2020-2033) 12.3 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2033) 12.4 Global Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2033) 13 Company Profiles 13.1 Youfa Steel Pipe Group 13.1.1 Youfa Steel Pipe Group Company Overview 13.1.2 Youfa Steel Pipe Group Business Overview 13.1.3 Youfa Steel Pipe Group Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.1.4 Youfa Steel Pipe Group Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.1.5 Key News 13.2 Tenaris 13.2.1 Tenaris Company Overview 13.2.2 Tenaris Business Overview 13.2.3 Tenaris Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.2.4 Tenaris Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.2.5 Key News 13.3 Zekelman Industries 13.3.1 Zekelman Industries Company Overview 13.3.2 Zekelman Industries Business Overview 13.3.3 Zekelman Industries Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.3.4 Zekelman Industries Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.3.5 Key News 13.4 VALLOUREC 13.4.1 VALLOUREC Company Overview 13.4.2 VALLOUREC Business Overview 13.4.3 VALLOUREC Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.4.4 VALLOUREC Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.4.5 Key News 13.5 China Baowu Steel Group 13.5.1 China Baowu Steel Group Company Overview 13.5.2 China Baowu Steel Group Business Overview 13.5.3 China Baowu Steel Group Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.5.4 China Baowu Steel Group Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.5.5 Key News 13.6 Nippon Steel 13.6.1 Nippon Steel Company Overview 13.6.2 Nippon Steel Business Overview 13.6.3 Nippon Steel Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.6.4 Nippon Steel Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.6.5 Key News 13.7 ChelPipe Group 13.7.1 ChelPipe Group Company Overview 13.7.2 ChelPipe Group Business Overview 13.7.3 ChelPipe Group Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.7.4 ChelPipe Group Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.7.5 Key News 13.8 APL Apollo 13.8.1 APL Apollo Company Overview 13.8.2 APL Apollo Business Overview 13.8.3 APL Apollo Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.8.4 APL Apollo Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.8.5 Key News 13.9 Arcelormittal 13.9.1 Arcelormittal Company Overview 13.9.2 Arcelormittal Business Overview 13.9.3 Arcelormittal Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.9.4 Arcelormittal Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.9.5 Key News 13.10 Hyundai Steel 13.10.1 Hyundai Steel Company Overview 13.10.2 Hyundai Steel Business Overview 13.10.3 Hyundai Steel Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.10.4 Hyundai Steel Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.10.5 Key News 13.11 JFE Steel Corporation 13.11.1 JFE Steel Corporation Company Overview 13.11.2 JFE Steel Corporation Business Overview 13.11.3 JFE Steel Corporation Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.11.4 JFE Steel Corporation Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.11.5 Key News 13.12 SeAH Holdings Corp 13.12.1 SeAH Holdings Corp Company Overview 13.12.2 SeAH Holdings Corp Business Overview 13.12.3 SeAH Holdings Corp Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.12.4 SeAH Holdings Corp Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.12.5 Key News 13.13 TMK Group 13.13.1 TMK Group Company Overview 13.13.2 TMK Group Business Overview 13.13.3 TMK Group Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.13.4 TMK Group Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.13.5 Key News 13.14 Nucor Corporation 13.14.1 Nucor Corporation Company Overview 13.14.2 Nucor Corporation Business Overview 13.14.3 Nucor Corporation Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.14.4 Nucor Corporation Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.14.5 Key News 13.15 United States Steel Corporation 13.15.1 United States Steel Corporation Company Overview 13.15.2 United States Steel Corporation Business Overview 13.15.3 United States Steel Corporation Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.15.4 United States Steel Corporation Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.15.5 Key News 13.16 Kingland and Pipeline Technol-ogies 13.16.1 Kingland and Pipeline Technol-ogies Company Overview 13.16.2 Kingland and Pipeline Technol-ogies Business Overview 13.16.3 Kingland and Pipeline Technol-ogies Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.16.4 Kingland and Pipeline Technol-ogies Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.16.5 Key News 13.17 Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube 13.17.1 Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Company Overview 13.17.2 Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Business Overview 13.17.3 Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.17.4 Jiangsu Changbao Steel Tube Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.17.5 Key News 13.18 Hengyang Valin Steel Tube 13.18.1 Hengyang Valin Steel Tube Company Overview 13.18.2 Hengyang Valin Steel Tube Business Overview 13.18.3 Hengyang Valin Steel Tube Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.18.4 Hengyang Valin Steel Tube Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.18.5 Key News 13.19 Severstal 13.19.1 Severstal Company Overview 13.19.2 Severstal Business Overview 13.19.3 Severstal Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.19.4 Severstal Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.19.5 Key News 13.20 TPCO 13.20.1 TPCO Company Overview 13.20.2 TPCO Business Overview 13.20.3 TPCO Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.20.4 TPCO Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.20.5 Key News 13.21 Jindal Saw 13.21.1 Jindal Saw Company Overview 13.21.2 Jindal Saw Business Overview 13.21.3 Jindal Saw Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.21.4 Jindal Saw Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.21.5 Key News 13.22 Evraz 13.22.1 Evraz Company Overview 13.22.2 Evraz Business Overview 13.22.3 Evraz Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.22.4 Evraz Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.22.5 Key News 13.23 Marcegaglia 13.23.1 Marcegaglia Company Overview 13.23.2 Marcegaglia Business Overview 13.23.3 Marcegaglia Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.23.4 Marcegaglia Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.23.5 Key News 13.24 Tata Steel 13.24.1 Tata Steel Company Overview 13.24.2 Tata Steel Business Overview 13.24.3 Tata Steel Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.24.4 Tata Steel Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.24.5 Key News 13.25 Essar Steel and Ispat Industries 13.25.1 Essar Steel and Ispat Industries Company Overview 13.25.2 Essar Steel and Ispat Industries Business Overview 13.25.3 Essar Steel and Ispat Industries Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Major Product Offerings 13.25.4 Essar Steel and Ispat Industries Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Sales and Revenue fromWelded Steel Pipes and Tubes (2020-2025) 13.25.5 Key News 14 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 14.1 Key Takeway 14.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 14.3 Market Drivers 14.4 Market Restraints 14.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 14.6 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market 14.7 PEST Analysis of Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Market 15 Analysis of the Welded Steel Pipes and Tubes Industry Chain 15.1 Overview of the Industry Chain 15.2 Upstream Segment Analysis 15.3 Midstream Segment Analysis 15.3.1 Manufacturing, Processing or Conversion Process Analysis 15.3.2 Key Technology Analysis 15.4 Downstream Segment Analysis 15.4.1 Downstream Customer List and Contact Details 15.4.2 Customer Concerns or Preference Analysis 16 Conclusion 17 Appendix 17.1 Methodology 17.2 Research Process and Data Source 17.3 Disclaimer 17.4 Note 17.5 Examples of Clients 17.6 DisclaimerResearch Methodology The research methodology employed in this study follows a structured, four-stage process designed to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of all data and insights presented. The process begins with Information Procurement, wherein data is collected from a wide range of primary and secondary sources. This is followed by Information Analysis, during which the collected data is systematically mapped, discrepancies across sources are examined, and consistency is established through cross-validation.
Subsequently, the Market Formulation phase involves placing verified data points into an appropriate market context to generate meaningful conclusions. This step integrates analyst interpretation and expert heuristics to refine findings and ensure applicability. Finally, all conclusions undergo a rigorous Validation and Publishing process, where each data point is re-evaluated before inclusion in the final deliverable. The methodology emphasizes bidirectional flow and reversibility between key stages to maintain flexibility and reinforce the integrity of the analysis.
Research Process The market research process follows a structured and iterative methodology designed to ensure accuracy, depth, and reliability. It begins with scope definition and research design, where the research objectives are clearly outlined based on client requirements, emerging market trends, and initial exploratory insights. This phase provides strategic direction for all subsequent stages of the research. Data collection is then conducted through both secondary and primary research. Secondary research involves analyzing publicly available and paid sources such as company filings, industry journals, and government databases to build foundational knowledge. This is followed by primary research, which includes direct interviews and surveys with key industry stakeholders—such as manufacturers, distributors, and end users—to gather firsthand insights and address data gaps identified earlier. Techniques included CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephonic Interviewing), CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing), CAVI (Computer-Assisted Video Interviewing via platforms like Zoom and WebEx), and CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing via email or LinkedIn).
