Definition and Scope: NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared) Type CO2 Sensors are devices that detect the presence of carbon dioxide in the air using infrared light. These sensors work by measuring the amount of infrared light absorbed by CO2 molecules, allowing for accurate and reliable detection of CO2 levels in various applications. NDIR Type CO2 Sensors are commonly used in indoor air quality monitoring, HVAC systems, automotive applications, and industrial processes where monitoring and controlling CO2 levels is critical. These sensors play a crucial role in ensuring safety, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability in various industries. The market for NDIR Type CO2 Sensors is experiencing significant growth driven by several key factors. One of the primary market trends is the increasing focus on indoor air quality and the growing awareness of the impact of CO2 levels on human health and productivity. As more emphasis is placed on creating healthy and comfortable indoor environments, the demand for NDIR Type CO2 Sensors is expected to rise. Additionally, stringent regulations and guidelines related to CO2 emissions in various industries are driving the adoption of these sensors for monitoring and compliance purposes. Moreover, the integration of IoT technology and smart sensors is opening up new opportunities for the market, allowing for real-time monitoring and data analytics capabilities. At the same time, the market for NDIR Type CO2 Sensors is being propelled by the growing need for energy-efficient solutions in buildings and industrial processes. By accurately measuring and controlling CO2 levels, these sensors help optimize energy consumption and improve overall operational efficiency. Furthermore, the increasing focus on environmental sustainability and the push towards reducing carbon footprints are driving the demand for CO2 monitoring solutions. As a result, manufacturers are investing in research and development to enhance the performance and functionality of NDIR Type CO2 Sensors, catering to a wide range of applications across different industries. The global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors market size was estimated at USD 514.96 million in 2024, exhibiting a CAGR of 2.50% during the forecast period. This report offers a comprehensive analysis of the global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors market, examining all key dimensions. It provides both a macro-level overview and micro-level market details, including market size, trends, competitive landscape, niche segments, growth drivers, and key challenges. Report Framework and Key Highlights: Market Dynamics: Identification of major market drivers, restraints, opportunities, and challenges. Trend Analysis: Examination of ongoing and emerging trends impacting the market. Competitive Landscape: Detailed profiles and market positioning of major players, including market share, operational status, product offerings, and strategic developments. Strategic Analysis Tools: SWOT Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces Analysis, PEST Analysis, Value Chain Analysis Market Segmentation: By type, application, region, and end-user industry. Forecasting and Growth Projections: In-depth revenue forecasts and CAGR analysis through 2033. This report equips readers with critical insights to navigate competitive dynamics and develop effective strategies. Whether assessing a new market entry or refining existing strategies, the report serves as a valuable tool for: Industry players Investors Researchers Consultants Business strategists And all stakeholders with an interest or investment in the NDIR Type CO2 Sensors market. Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market: Segmentation Analysis and Strategic Insights This section of the report provides an in-depth segmentation analysis of the global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors market. The market is segmented based on region (country), manufacturer, product type, and application. Segmentation enables a more precise understanding of market dynamics and facilitates targeted strategies across product development, marketing, and sales. By breaking the market into meaningful subsets, stakeholders can better tailor their offerings to the specific needs of each segment—enhancing competitiveness and improving return on investment. Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market: Market Segmentation Analysis The research report includes specific segments by region (country), manufacturers, Type, and Application. Market segmentation creates subsets of a market based on product type, end-user or application, Geographic, and other factors. By understanding the market segments, the decision-maker can leverage this targeting in the product, sales, and marketing strategies. Market segments can power your product development cycles by informing how you create product offerings for different segments. Key Companies Profiled Amphenol Advanced Sensors Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices) Murata Sensirion Vaisala Teledyne API Honeywell ELT SENSOR E+E Dwyer Instruments Trane Micro-Hybrid Alphasense Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd Nano Environmental Technology S.r.l. (N.E.T.) Super Systems ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INC. smartGAS Mikrosensorik GmbH SST Sensing Ltd Company Figaro Engineering Inc Winsen Suzhou Promisense Co. Ltd. Market Segmentation by Type Single Channel Type Dual Channel Type Market Segmentation by Application Industrial Safety Environmental Protection Industry Medical Industry Residential and Commercial Security Power Industry Automobile Industry Research Institutions Others Geographic Segmentation North America: United States, Canada, Mexico Europe: Germany, France, Italy, U.K., Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Russia. Asia-Pacific: China, Japan, South Korea, India, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand South America: Brazil, Argentina, Colombia. Middle East and Africa (MEA): Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Rest of MEA Report Framework and Chapter Summary Chapter 1: Report Scope and Market Definition This chapter outlines the statistical boundaries and scope of the report. It defines the segmentation standards used throughout the study, including criteria for dividing the market by region, product type, application, and other relevant dimensions. It establishes the foundational definitions and classifications that guide the rest of the analysis. Chapter 2: Executive Summary This chapter presents a concise summary of the market’s current status and future outlook across different segments—by geography, product type, and application. It includes key metrics such as market size, growth trends, and development potential for each segment. The chapter offers a high-level overview of the NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market, highlighting its evolution over the short, medium, and long term. Chapter 3: Market Dynamics and Policy Environment This chapter explores the latest developments in the market, identifying key growth drivers, restraints, challenges, and risks faced by industry participants. It also includes an analysis of the policy and regulatory landscape affecting the market, providing insight into how external factors may shape future performance. Chapter 4: Competitive Landscape This chapter provides a detailed assessment of the market's competitive environment. It covers market share, production capacity, output, pricing trends, and strategic developments such as mergers, acquisitions, and expansion plans of leading players. This analysis offers a comprehensive view of the positioning and performance of top competitors. Chapters 5–10: Regional Market Analysis These chapters offer in-depth, quantitative evaluations of market size and growth potential across major regions and countries. Each chapter assesses regional consumption patterns, market dynamics, development prospects, and available capacity. The analysis helps readers understand geographical differences and opportunities in global markets. Chapter 11: Market Segmentation by Product Type This chapter examines the market based on product type, analyzing the size, growth trends, and potential of each segment. It helps stakeholders identify underexplored or high-potential product categories—often referred to as “blue ocean” opportunities. Chapter 12: Market Segmentation by Application This chapter analyzes the market based on application fields, providing insights into the scale and future development of each application segment. It supports readers in identifying high-growth areas across downstream markets. Chapter 13: Company Profiles This chapter presents comprehensive profiles of leading companies operating in the market. For each company, it details sales revenue, volume, pricing, gross profit margin, market share, product offerings, and recent strategic developments. This section offers valuable insight into corporate performance and strategy. Chapter 14: Industry Chain and Value Chain Analysis This chapter explores the full industry chain, from upstream raw material suppliers to downstream application sectors. It includes a value chain analysis that highlights the interconnections and dependencies across various parts of the ecosystem. Chapter 15: Key Findings and Conclusions The final chapter summarizes the main takeaways from the report, presenting the core conclusions, strategic recommendations, and implications for stakeholders. It encapsulates the insights drawn from all previous chapters. Table of Contents 1 Introduction to Research & Analysis Reports 1.1 NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Definition 1.2 NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Segments 1.2.1 Segment by Type 1.2.2 Segment by Application 2 Executive Summary 2.1 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size 2.2 Market Segmentation – by Type 2.3 Market Segmentation – by Application 2.4 Market Segmentation – by Geography 3 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 3.1 Key Takeway 3.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 3.3 Market Drivers 3.4 Market Restraints 3.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 4 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Competitive Landscape 4.1 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.2 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2020-2025) 4.3 NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2, and Tier 3) 4.4 New Entrant and Capacity Expansion Plans 4.5 Mergers & Acquisitions 5 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market by Region 5.1 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Region 5.1.1 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Region 5.1.2 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size Market Share by Region 5.2 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales by Region 5.2.1 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales by Region 5.2.2 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales Market Share by Region 6 North America Market Overview 6.1 North America NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Country 6.1.1 USA Market Overview 6.1.2 Canada Market Overview 6.1.3 Mexico Market Overview 6.2 North America NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Type 6.3 North America NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Application 6.4 Top Players in North America NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market 7 Europe Market Overview 7.1 Europe NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Country 7.1.1 Germany Market Overview 7.1.2 France Market Overview 7.1.3 U.K. Market Overview 7.1.4 Italy Market Overview 7.1.5 Spain Market Overview 7.1.6 Sweden Market Overview 7.1.7 Denmark Market Overview 7.1.8 Netherlands Market Overview 7.1.9 Switzerland Market Overview 7.1.10 Belgium Market Overview 7.1.11 Russia Market Overview 7.2 Europe NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Type 7.3 Europe NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Application 7.4 Top Players in Europe NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market 8 Asia-Pacific Market Overview 8.1 Asia-Pacific NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Country 8.1.1 China Market Overview 8.1.2 Japan Market Overview 8.1.3 South Korea Market Overview 8.1.4 India Market Overview 8.1.5 Australia Market Overview 8.1.6 Indonesia Market Overview 8.1.7 Malaysia Market Overview 8.1.8 Philippines Market Overview 8.1.9 Singapore Market Overview 8.1.10 Thailand Market Overview 8.1.11 Rest of APAC Market Overview 8.2 Asia-Pacific NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Type 8.3 Asia-Pacific NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Application 8.4 Top Players in Asia-Pacific NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market 9 South America Market Overview 9.1 South America NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Country 9.1.1 Brazil Market Overview 9.1.2 Argentina Market Overview 9.1.3 Columbia Market Overview 9.2 South America NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Type 9.3 South America NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Application 9.4 Top Players in South America NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market 10 Middle East and Africa Market Overview 10.1 Middle East and Africa NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Country 10.1.1 Saudi Arabia Market Overview 10.1.2 UAE Market Overview 10.1.3 Egypt Market Overview 10.1.4 Nigeria Market Overview 10.1.5 South Africa Market Overview 10.2 Middle East and Africa NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Type 10.3 Middle East and Africa NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size by Application 10.4 Top Players in Middle East and Africa NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market 11 NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Segmentation by Type 11.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Type) 11.2 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.3 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size Market Share by Type (2020-2033) 11.4 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Price by Type (2020-2033) 12 NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Segmentation by Application 12.1 Evaluation Matrix of Segment Market Development Potential (Application) 12.2 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Sales by Application (2020-2033) 12.3 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market Size (M USD) by Application (2020-2033) 12.4 Global NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales Growth Rate by Application (2020-2033) 13 Company Profiles 13.1 Amphenol Advanced Sensors 13.1.1 Amphenol Advanced Sensors Company Overview 13.1.2 Amphenol Advanced Sensors Business Overview 13.1.3 Amphenol Advanced Sensors NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.1.4 Amphenol Advanced Sensors NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.1.5 Key News 13.2 Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices) 13.2.1 Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices) Company Overview 13.2.2 Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices) Business Overview 13.2.3 Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices) NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.2.4 Senseair (Asahi Kasei Microdevices) NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.2.5 Key News 13.3 Murata 13.3.1 Murata Company Overview 13.3.2 Murata Business Overview 13.3.3 Murata NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.3.4 Murata NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.3.5 Key News 13.4 Sensirion 13.4.1 Sensirion Company Overview 13.4.2 Sensirion Business Overview 13.4.3 Sensirion NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.4.4 Sensirion NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.4.5 Key News 13.5 Vaisala 13.5.1 Vaisala Company Overview 13.5.2 Vaisala Business Overview 13.5.3 Vaisala NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.5.4 Vaisala NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.5.5 Key News 13.6 Teledyne API 13.6.1 Teledyne API Company Overview 13.6.2 Teledyne API Business Overview 13.6.3 Teledyne API NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.6.4 Teledyne API NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.6.5 Key News 13.7 Honeywell 13.7.1 Honeywell Company Overview 13.7.2 Honeywell Business Overview 13.7.3 Honeywell NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.7.4 Honeywell NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.7.5 Key News 13.8 ELT SENSOR 13.8.1 ELT SENSOR Company Overview 13.8.2 ELT SENSOR Business Overview 13.8.3 ELT SENSOR NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.8.4 ELT SENSOR NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.8.5 Key News 13.9 E+E 13.9.1 E+E Company Overview 13.9.2 E+E Business Overview 13.9.3 E+E NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.9.4 E+E NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.9.5 Key News 13.10 Dwyer Instruments 13.10.1 Dwyer Instruments Company Overview 13.10.2 Dwyer Instruments Business Overview 13.10.3 Dwyer Instruments NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.10.4 Dwyer Instruments NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.10.5 Key News 13.11 Trane 13.11.1 Trane Company Overview 13.11.2 Trane Business Overview 13.11.3 Trane NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.11.4 Trane NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.11.5 Key News 13.12 Micro-Hybrid 13.12.1 Micro-Hybrid Company Overview 13.12.2 Micro-Hybrid Business Overview 13.12.3 Micro-Hybrid NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.12.4 Micro-Hybrid NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.12.5 Key News 13.13 Alphasense 13.13.1 Alphasense Company Overview 13.13.2 Alphasense Business Overview 13.13.3 Alphasense NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.13.4 Alphasense NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.13.5 Key News 13.14 Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd 13.14.1 Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd Company Overview 13.14.2 Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd Business Overview 13.14.3 Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.14.4 Cubic Sensor and Instrument Co.,Ltd NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.14.5 Key News 13.15 Nano Environmental Technology S.r.l. (N.E.T.) 13.15.1 Nano Environmental Technology S.r.l. (N.E.T.) Company Overview 13.15.2 Nano Environmental Technology S.r.l. (N.E.T.) Business Overview 13.15.3 Nano Environmental Technology S.r.l. (N.E.T.) NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.15.4 Nano Environmental Technology S.r.l. (N.E.T.) NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.15.5 Key News 13.16 Super Systems 13.16.1 Super Systems Company Overview 13.16.2 Super Systems Business Overview 13.16.3 Super Systems NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.16.4 Super Systems NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.16.5 Key News 13.17 ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INC. 13.17.1 ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INC. Company Overview 13.17.2 ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INC. Business Overview 13.17.3 ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INC. NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.17.4 ORIENTAL SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY INC. NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.17.5 Key News 13.18 smartGAS Mikrosensorik GmbH 13.18.1 smartGAS Mikrosensorik GmbH Company Overview 13.18.2 smartGAS Mikrosensorik GmbH Business Overview 13.18.3 smartGAS Mikrosensorik GmbH NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.18.4 smartGAS Mikrosensorik GmbH NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.18.5 Key News 13.19 SST Sensing Ltd Company 13.19.1 SST Sensing Ltd Company Company Overview 13.19.2 SST Sensing Ltd Company Business Overview 13.19.3 SST Sensing Ltd Company NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.19.4 SST Sensing Ltd Company NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.19.5 Key News 13.20 Figaro Engineering Inc 13.20.1 Figaro Engineering Inc Company Overview 13.20.2 Figaro Engineering Inc Business Overview 13.20.3 Figaro Engineering Inc NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.20.4 Figaro Engineering Inc NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.20.5 Key News 13.21 Winsen 13.21.1 Winsen Company Overview 13.21.2 Winsen Business Overview 13.21.3 Winsen NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.21.4 Winsen NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.21.5 Key News 13.22 Suzhou Promisense Co. 13.22.1 Suzhou Promisense Co. Company Overview 13.22.2 Suzhou Promisense Co. Business Overview 13.22.3 Suzhou Promisense Co. NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.22.4 Suzhou Promisense Co. NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.22.5 Key News 13.23 Ltd. 13.23.1 Ltd. Company Overview 13.23.2 Ltd. Business Overview 13.23.3 Ltd. NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Major Product Offerings 13.23.4 Ltd. NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Sales and Revenue fromNDIR Type CO2 Sensors (2020-2025) 13.23.5 Key News 14 Key Market Trends, Opportunity, Drivers and Restraints 14.1 Key Takeway 14.2 Market Opportunities & Trends 14.3 Market Drivers 14.4 Market Restraints 14.5 Market Major Factor Assessment 14.6 Porter's Five Forces Analysis of NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market 14.7 PEST Analysis of NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Market 15 Analysis of the NDIR Type CO2 Sensors Industry Chain 15.1 Overview of the Industry Chain 15.2 Upstream Segment Analysis 15.3 Midstream Segment Analysis 15.3.1 Manufacturing, Processing or Conversion Process Analysis 15.3.2 Key Technology Analysis 15.4 Downstream Segment Analysis 15.4.1 Downstream Customer List and Contact Details 15.4.2 Customer Concerns or Preference Analysis 16 Conclusion 17 Appendix 17.1 Methodology 17.2 Research Process and Data Source 17.3 Disclaimer 17.4 Note 17.5 Examples of Clients 17.6 DisclaimerResearch Methodology The research methodology employed in this study follows a structured, four-stage process designed to ensure the accuracy, consistency, and relevance of all data and insights presented. The process begins with Information Procurement, wherein data is collected from a wide range of primary and secondary sources. This is followed by Information Analysis, during which the collected data is systematically mapped, discrepancies across sources are examined, and consistency is established through cross-validation.
Subsequently, the Market Formulation phase involves placing verified data points into an appropriate market context to generate meaningful conclusions. This step integrates analyst interpretation and expert heuristics to refine findings and ensure applicability. Finally, all conclusions undergo a rigorous Validation and Publishing process, where each data point is re-evaluated before inclusion in the final deliverable. The methodology emphasizes bidirectional flow and reversibility between key stages to maintain flexibility and reinforce the integrity of the analysis.
Research Process The market research process follows a structured and iterative methodology designed to ensure accuracy, depth, and reliability. It begins with scope definition and research design, where the research objectives are clearly outlined based on client requirements, emerging market trends, and initial exploratory insights. This phase provides strategic direction for all subsequent stages of the research. Data collection is then conducted through both secondary and primary research. Secondary research involves analyzing publicly available and paid sources such as company filings, industry journals, and government databases to build foundational knowledge. This is followed by primary research, which includes direct interviews and surveys with key industry stakeholders—such as manufacturers, distributors, and end users—to gather firsthand insights and address data gaps identified earlier. Techniques included CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephonic Interviewing), CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing), CAVI (Computer-Assisted Video Interviewing via platforms like Zoom and WebEx), and CASI (Computer-Assisted Self Interviewing via email or LinkedIn).
